Peptides for use in immunotherapy against cancers

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.

The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.

The present invention relates to several novel peptide sequences and their variants derived from HLA class I molecules of human tumor cells that can be used in vaccine compositions for eliciting anti-tumor immune responses, or as targets for the development of pharmaceutically/immunologically active compounds and cells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer ranged among the four major non-communicable deadly diseases worldwide in 2012. For the same year, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and respiratory tract cancers were listed within the top 10 causes of death in high income countries.

Considering the severe side-effects and expenses associated with common strategies for treating cancer, there is a need to identify factors that can be used in the treatment of cancer in general and acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer in particular.

There is also a need to identify factors representing biomarkers for cancer in general and acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer in particular, leading to better diagnosis of cancer, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of treatment success.

Immunotherapy of cancer represents an option of specific targeting of cancer cells while minimizing side effects. Cancer immunotherapy makes use of the existence of tumor associated antigens.

The current classification of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) comprises the following major groups:

a) Cancer-testis antigens: The first TAAs ever identified that can be recognized by T cells belong to this class, which was originally called cancer-testis (CT) antigens because of the expression of its members in histologically different human tumors and, among normal tissues, only in spermatocytes/spermatogonia of testis and, occasionally, in placenta. Since the cells of testis do not express class I and II HLA molecules, these antigens cannot be recognized by T cells in normal tissues and can therefore be considered as immunologically tumor-specific. Well-known examples for CT antigens are the MAGE family members and NY-ESO-1. b) Differentiation antigens: These TAAs are shared between tumors and the normal tissue from which the tumor arose. Most of the known differentiation antigens are found in melanomas and normal melanocytes. Many of these melanocyte lineage-related proteins are involved in biosynthesis of melanin and are therefore not tumor specific but nevertheless are widely used for cancer immunotherapy. Examples include, but are not limited to, tyrosinase and Melan-A/MART-1 for melanoma or PSA for prostate cancer. c) Over-expressed TAAs: Genes encoding widely expressed TAAs have been detected in histologically different types of tumors as well as in many normal tissues, generally with lower expression levels. It is possible that many of the epitopes processed and potentially presented by normal tissues are below the threshold level for T-cell recognition, while their over-expression in tumor cells can trigger an anticancer response by breaking previously established tolerance. Prominent examples for this class of TAAs are Her-2/neu, survivin, telomerase, or WT1. d) Tumor-specific antigens: These unique TAAs arise from mutations of normal genes (such as β-catenin, CDK4, etc.). Some of these molecular changes are associated with neoplastic transformation and/or progression. Tumor-specific antigens are generally able to induce strong immune responses without bearing the risk for autoimmune reactions against normal tissues. On the other hand, these TAAs are in most cases only relevant to the exact tumor on which they were identified and are usually not shared between many individual tumors. Tumor-specificity (or -association) of a peptide may also arise if the peptide originates from a tumor- (-associated) exon in case of proteins with tumor-specific (-associated) isoforms. e) TAAs arising from abnormal post-translational modifications: Such TAAs may arise from proteins which are neither specific nor overexpressed in tumors but nevertheless become tumor associated by posttranslational processes primarily active in tumors. Examples for this class arise from altered glycosylation patterns leading to novel epitopes in tumors as for MUC1 or events like protein splicing during degradation which may or may not be tumor specific. f) Oncoviral proteins: These TAAs are viral proteins that may play a critical role in the oncogenic process and, because they are foreign (not of human origin), they can evoke a T-cell response. Examples of such proteins are the human papilloma type 16 virus proteins, E6 and E7, which are expressed in cervical carcinoma.

T-cell based immunotherapy targets peptide epitopes derived from tumor-associated or tumor-specific proteins, which are presented by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigens that are recognized by the tumor specific T lymphocytes, that is, the epitopes thereof, can be molecules derived from all protein classes, such as enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, etc. which are expressed and, as compared to unaltered cells of the same origin, usually up-regulated in cells of the respective tumor.

There are two classes of MHC-molecules, MHC class I and MHC class II. MHC class I molecules are composed of an alpha heavy chain and beta-2-microglobulin, MHC class II molecules of an alpha and a beta chain. Their three-dimensional conformation results in a binding groove, which is used for non-covalent interaction with peptides.

MHC class I molecules can be found on most nucleated cells. They present peptides that result from proteolytic cleavage of predominantly endogenous proteins, defective ribosomal products (DRIPs) and larger peptides. However, peptides derived from endosomal compartments or exogenous sources are also frequently found on MHC class I molecules. This non-classical way of class I presentation is referred to as cross-presentation in the literature (Brossart and Bevan, 1997; Rock et al., 1990). MHC class II molecules can be found predominantly on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), and primarily present peptides of exogenous or transmembrane proteins that are taken up by APCs e.g. during endocytosis and are subsequently processed.

Complexes of peptide and MHC class I are recognized by CD8-positive T cells bearing the appropriate T-cell receptor (TCR), whereas complexes of peptide and MHC class II molecules are recognized by CD4-positive-helper-T cells bearing the appropriate TCR. It is well known that the TCR, the peptide and the MHC are thereby present in a stoichiometric amount of 1:1:1.

CD4-positive helper T cells play an important role in inducing and sustaining effective responses by CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells. The identification of CD4-positive T-cell epitopes derived from tumor associated antigens (TAA) is of great importance for the development of pharmaceutical products for triggering anti-tumor immune responses (Gnjatic et al., 2003). At the tumor site, T helper cells, support a cytotoxic T cell- (CTL-) friendly cytokine milieu (Mortara et al., 2006) and attract effector cells, e.g. CTLs, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and granulocytes (Hwang et al., 2007).

In the absence of inflammation, expression of MHC class II molecules is mainly restricted to cells of the immune system, especially professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived cells, macrophages, dendritic cells. In cancer patients, cells of the tumor have been found to express MHC class II molecules (Dengjel et al., 2006).

Longer (elongated) peptides of the invention can act as MHC class II active epitopes.

T-helper cells, activated by MHC class II epitopes, play an important role in orchestrating the effector function of CTLs in anti-tumor immunity. T-helper cell epitopes that trigger a T-helper cell response of the TH1 type support effector functions of CD8-positive killer T cells, which include cytotoxic functions directed against tumor cells displaying tumor-associated peptide/MHC complexes on their cell surfaces. In this way tumor-associated T-helper cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides, can serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses.

It was shown in mammalian animal models, e.g., mice, that even in the absence of CD8-positive T lymphocytes, CD4-positive T cells are sufficient for inhibiting manifestation of tumors via inhibition of angiogenesis by secretion of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) (Beatty and Paterson, 2001; Mumberg et al., 1999). There is evidence for CD4 T cells as direct anti-tumor effectors (Braumuller et al., 2013; Tran et al., 2014).

Since the constitutive expression of HLA class II molecules is usually limited to immune cells, the possibility of isolating class II peptides directly from primary tumors was previously not considered possible. However, Dengjel et al. were successful in identifying a number of MHC Class II epitopes directly from tumors (WO 2007/028574, EP 1 760 088 BI).

Since both types of response, CD8 and CD4 dependent, contribute jointly and synergistically to the anti-tumor effect, the identification and characterization of tumor-associated antigens recognized by either CD8+ T cells (ligand: MHC class I molecule+peptide epitope) or by CD4-positive T-helper cells (ligand: MHC class II molecule+peptide epitope) is important in the development of tumor vaccines.

For an MHC class I peptide to trigger (elicit) a cellular immune response, it also must bind to an MHC-molecule. This process is dependent on the allele of the MHC-molecule and specific polymorphisms of the amino acid sequence of the peptide. MHC-class-I-binding peptides are usually 8-12 amino acid residues in length and usually contain two conserved residues (“anchors”) in their sequence that interact with the corresponding binding groove of the MHC-molecule. In this way each MHC allele has a “binding motif” determining which peptides can bind specifically to the binding groove.

In the MHC class I dependent immune reaction, peptides not only have to be able to bind to certain MHC class I molecules expressed by tumor cells, they subsequently also have to be recognized by T cells bearing specific T cell receptors (TCR).

For proteins to be recognized by T-lymphocytes as tumor-specific or -associated antigens, and to be used in a therapy, particular prerequisites must be fulfilled. The antigen should be expressed mainly by tumor cells and not, or in comparably small amounts, by normal healthy tissues. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide should be over-presented by tumor cells as compared to normal healthy tissues. It is furthermore desirable that the respective antigen is not only present in a type of tumor, but also in high concentrations (i.e. copy numbers of the respective peptide per cell). Tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens are often derived from proteins directly involved in transformation of a normal cell to a tumor cell due to their function, e.g. in cell cycle control or suppression of apoptosis. Additionally, downstream targets of the proteins directly causative for a transformation may be up-regulated und thus may be indirectly tumor-associated. Such indirect tumor-associated antigens may also be targets of a vaccination approach (Singh-Jasuja et al., 2004). It is essential that epitopes are present in the amino acid sequence of the antigen, in order to ensure that such a peptide (“immunogenic peptide”), being derived from a tumor associated antigen, leads to an in vitro or in vivo T-cell-response.

Basically, any peptide able to bind an MHC molecule may function as a T-cell epitope. A prerequisite for the induction of an in vitro or in vivo T-cell-response is the presence of a T cell having a corresponding TCR and the absence of immunological tolerance for this particular epitope.

Therefore, TAAs are a starting point for the development of a T cell based therapy including but not limited to tumor vaccines. The methods for identifying and characterizing the TAAs are usually based on the use of T-cells that can be isolated from patients or healthy subjects, or they are based on the generation of differential transcription profiles or differential peptide expression patterns between tumors and normal tissues. However, the identification of genes over-expressed in tumor tissues or human tumor cell lines, or selectively expressed in such tissues or cell lines, does not provide precise information as to the use of the antigens being transcribed from these genes in an immune therapy. This is because only an individual subpopulation of epitopes of these antigens are suitable for such an application since a T cell with a corresponding TCR has to be present and the immunological tolerance for this particular epitope needs to be absent or minimal. In a very preferred embodiment of the invention it is therefore important to select only those over- or selectively presented peptides against which a functional and/or a proliferating T cell can be found. Such a functional T cell is defined as a T cell, which upon stimulation with a specific antigen can be clonally expanded and is able to execute effector functions (“effector T cell”).

In case of targeting peptide-MHC by specific TCRs (e.g. soluble TCRs) and antibodies or other binding molecules (scaffolds) according to the invention, the immunogenicity of the underlying peptides is secondary. In these cases, the presentation is the determining factor.

In a first aspect of the present invention, the present invention relates to a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 or a variant sequence thereof which is at least 77%, preferably at least 88%, homologous (preferably at least 77% or at least 88% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, wherein said variant binds to MHC and/or induces T cells cross-reacting with said peptide, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein said peptide is not the underlying full-length polypeptide.

The present invention also relates to a peptide of the present invention comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 or a variant thereof, which is at least 77%, preferably at least 88%, homologous (preferably at least 77% or at least 88% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, wherein said peptide or variant thereof has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred of between 8 and 14 amino acids.

The following tables show the peptides according to the present invention, their respective SEQ ID NOs, and the prospective source (underlying) genes for these peptides. In Table la, peptides with SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 382 and in Table 1b, peptides with SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 bind to HLA-A*24. The peptides in Table 2 have been disclosed before in large listings as results of high-throughput screenings with high error rates or calculated using algorithms but have not been associated with cancer at all before. In Table 2, peptides with SEQ ID NO: 383 to SEQ ID NO: 387 bind to HLA-A*24. The peptides in Table 3 are additional peptides that may be useful in combination with the other peptides of the invention. In Table 3, peptides with SEQ ID NO: 388 to SEQ ID NO: 460 bind to HLA-A*24.

TABLE 1a Peptides according to the present invention. Seq HLA ID No Sequence Gene(s) allotype 1 IFPKTGLLII MAGEA4 A*24 2 LYAPTILLW AFP A*24 3 KFLTHDVLTELF TRPM8 A*24 4 MVLQPQPQLF POTEG, POTEH A*24 5 LQPQPQLFFSF POTEG, POTEH A*24 6 IVTFMNKTLGTF ADAM29 A*24 7 GYPLRGSSI ALPP, ALPPL2 A*24 8 IMKPLDQDF ADAM2 A*24 9 TYINSLAIL TGM4 A*24 10 QYPEFSIEL TGM4 A*24 11 RAMCAMMSF TGM4 A*24 12 KYMSRVLFVY CHRNA9 A*24 13 KYYIATMAL CHRNA9 A*24 14 YYIATMALI CHRNA9 A*24 15 FMVIAGMPLF SLC6A3 A*24 16 GYFLAQYLM TRPM8 A*24 17 IYPEAIATL SLC6A3 A*24 18 KYVDINTFRL MMP12 A*24 19 ILLCMSLLLF CYP4Z1, CYP4Z2P A*24 20 ELMAHPFLL CYP4Z1, CYP4Z2P A*24 21 LYMRFVNTHF SPINK2 A*24 22 VYSSFVFNL NLRP4 A*24 23 VYSSFVFNLF NLRP4 A*24 24 KMLPEASLLI NLRP4 A*24 25 MLPEASLLI NLRP4 A*24 26 TYFFVDNQYW MMP12 A*24 27 LSCTATPLF KHDC1L A*24 28 FWFDSREISF OR51E2 A*24 29 IYLLLPPVI OR51E2 A*24 30 RQAYSVYAF SLC45A3 A*24 31 KQMQEFFGL MMP1 A*24 32 FYPEVELNF MMP1 A*24 33 FYQPDLKYLSF NLRP4 A*24 34 LIFALALAAF GAST A*24 35 FSSTLVSLF MAGEC1 A*24 36 VYLASVAAF SLC45A3 A*24 37 ISFSDTVNVW ITIH6 A*24 38 RYAHTLVTSVLF ITIH6 A*24 39 KTYLPTFETTI ENPP3, OR2A4 A*24 40 NYPEGAAYEF ESR1 A*24 41 IYFATQVVF SLC45A3 A*24 42 VYDSIWCNM SCGB2A1 A*24 43 KYKDHFTEI MAGEB1 A*24 44 FYHEDMPLW FCRL5 A*24 45 YGQSKPVVTF PAX3 A*24 46 IYPDSIQEL LOC645382, LOC645399, PRAMEF10 A*24 47 SYLVVTDNLQEF DNAH17 A*24 48 AWSPPATLFLF LOXL4 A*24 49 QYLSIAERAEF MSX1, MSX2 A*24 50 RYFDENIQKF HEPHL1 A*24 51 YFDENIQKF HEPHL1 A*24 52 SWHKATFLF COL24A1 A*24 53 LFQRVSSVSF HMCN1 A*24 54 SYQEAIQQL NEFH A*24 55 AVLRHLETF CDK6 A*24 56 FYKLIQNGF FLT3 A*24 57 RYLQVVLLY NPSR1 A*24 58 IYYSHENLI F5 A*24 59 VFPLVTPLL PTPRZ1 A*24 60 RYSPVKDAW KLHDC7B A*24 61 RIFTARLYF AICDA A*24 62 VYIVPVIVL OXTR A*24 63 LYIDKGQYL HMCN1 A*24 64 QFSHVPLNNF ALX1 A*24 65 EYLLMIFKLV HRNR, RPTN A*24 66 IYKDYYRYNF PLA2G2D A*24 67 SYVLQIVAI PTPRZ1 A*24 68 VYKEDLPQL EML5, EML6 A*24 69 KWFDSHIPRW ERVV-1, ERVV-2 A*24 70 RYTGQWSEW IL9R A*24 71 RYLPNPSLNAF CYP1A1 A*24 72 RWLDGSPVTL CLEC17A A*24 73 YFCSTKGQLF FCRL2 A*24 74 NYVLVPTMF CAPN6 A*24 75 VYEHNHVSL BTBD16 A*24 76 IYIYPFAHW NPFFR2 A*24 77 LYGFFFKI BTBD16 A*24 78 TYSKTIALYGF BTBD16 A*24 79 FYIVTRPLAF SUCNR1 A*24 80 SYATPVDLW CDK6 A*24 81 AYLKLLPMF SLC5A4 A*24 82 SYLENSASW DLX5 A*24 83 VLQGEFFLF KBTBD8 A*24 84 YTIERYFTL GABRP A*24 85 KYLSIPTVFF UGT1A3 A*24 86 SYLPTAERL SYT12 A*24 87 NYTRLVLQF GABRP A*24 88 TYVPSTFLV GABRP A*24 89 TYVPSTFLVVL GABRP A*24 90 TDLVQFLLF MAGEA10 A*24 91 KQQVVKFLI LOC100288966, POTEB, POTEC, POTED, A*24 POTEE, POTEF, POTEG, POTEH, POTEI, POTEJ, POTEKP, POTEM 92 RALTETIMF ALPP, ALPPL2 A*24; B*15 93 TDWSPPPVEF FAM178B A*24 94 THSGGTNLF MMP12 A*24; B*38 95 IGLSVVHRF OR51E2 A*24 96 SHIGVVLAF OR51E2 A*24; B*15 97 TQMFFIHAL OR51E2 A*24; B*39 98 LQIPVSPSF MAGEC1 A*24; B*15 99 ASAALTGFTF SLC45A3 A*24; A*32 100 KVWSDVTPLTF MMP11 A*24; A*32 101 VYAVSSDRF DCX A*24 102 VLASAHILQF BTBD16 A*24 103 EMFFSPQVF ACTL8 A*24 104 GYGLTRVQPF ACTL8 A*24 105 ITPATALLL LOC100996407, LOC101060778, A*24 LOC441242 106 LYAFLGSHF KISS1R A*24 107 FFFKAGFVWR MMP11 A*24 108 WFFQGAQYW MMP11 A*24 109 AQHSLTQLF GPC2 A*24; B*15 110 VYSNPDLFW TRDV3 A*24 111 IRPDYSFQF TRDV3 A*24 112 LYPDSVFGRLF SMC1B A*24 113 ALMSAFYTF MMP11 A*24 114 KALMSAFYTF MMP11 A*24 115 IMQGFIRAF PAEP A*24 116 TYFFVANKY MMP1 A*24 117 RSMEHPGKLLF ESR1 A*24; B*15 118 IFLPFFIVF ADAM18 A*24 119 VWSCEGCKAF ESR1, ESR2 A*24 120 VYAFMNENF QRFPR A*24 121 RRYFGEKVAL ANO7 A*24; B*27 122 YFLRGRLYW MMP11 A*24 123 FFLQESPVF ABCC11 A*24 124 EYNVFPRTL MMP13 A*24 125 LYYGSILYI LOC100996718, OR9G1, OR9G9 A*24 126 YSLLDPAQF SOX14 A*24 127 FLPRAYYRW ANO7 A*24 128 AFQNVISSF NMUR2 A*24 129 IYVSLAHVL ANO7 A*24 130 RPEKVFVF COL11A1 A*24 131 MHRTWRETF ANO7 A*24; A*32 132 TFEGATVTL FCRL5 A*24 133 FFYVTETTF TERT A*24 134 IYSSQLPSF TFEC A*24 135 KYKQHFPEI MAGEB17 A*24 136 YLKSVQLF RFX8 A*24 137 ALFAVCWAPF QRFPR A*24 138 MMVTVVALF QRFPR A*24 139 AYAPRGSIYKF HHIPL2 A*24 140 IFQHFCEEI SMC1B A*24 141 QYAAAITNGL SALL3 A*24 142 PYWWNANMVF NOTUM A*24 143 KTKRWLWDF COL11A1 A*24 144 LFDHGGTVFF ANO7 A*24 145 MYTIVTPML OR1N1 A*24 146 NYFLDPVTI TRIM51, TRIM51HP A*24 147 FPYPSSILSV DLL3 A*24; B*51 148 MLPQIPFLLL COL10A1 A*24; A*02 149 TQFFIPYTI COL10A1 A*24; A*32 150 FIPVAWLIF MRGPRX4 A*24 151 RRLWAYVTI ITIH6 A*24 152 MHPGVLAAFLF MMP13 A*24; B*15 153 AWSPPATLF LOXL4 A*24 154 DYSKQALSL LAMC2 A*24 155 PYSIYPHGVTF F5 A*24 156 IYPHGVTFSP F5 A*24 157 SIYPHGVTF F5 A*24; B*15 158 SYLKDPMIV DDX53 A*24 159 VFQPNPLF WISP3 A*24 160 YIANLISCF GLYATL3 A*24 161 ILQAPLSVF FCRL5 A*24; B*15 162 YYIGIVEEY HEPHL1 A*24 163 YYIGIVEEYW HEPHL1 A*24 164 MFQEMLQRL TRIML2 A*24 165 KDQPQVPCVF NAT1 A*24; B*15 166 MMALWSLLHL ZACN A*24 167 LQPPVVTTVF FCRL5 A*24; B*15 168 LSSPVHLDF FCRL5 A*24; B*58 169 MYDLHHLYL EPYC A*24 170 IFIPATILL ACSM1 A*24 171 LYTVPFNLI SLC45A2 A*24 172 RYFIAAEKILW HEPHL1 A*24 173 RYLSVCERL NKX1-1, NKX1-2 A*24 174 TYGEEMPEEI DNAH17 A*24 175 SYFEYRRLL LAMC2 A*24 176 TQAGEYLLF FLT3 A*24 177 KYLITTFSL NLRP2 A*24 178 AYPQIRCTW FLT3 A*24 179 MYNMVPFF DCT A*24 180 IYNKTKMAF SLCO6A1 A*24 181 IHGIKFHYF NMUR2 A*24 182 AQGSGTVTF FCRL3 A*24; B*15 183 YQVAKGMEF FLT3 A*24 184 VYVRPRVF HMCN1 A*24 185 LYICKVELM CTLA4 A*24 186 RRVTWNVLF BTBD17 A*24 187 KWFNVRMGFGF LIN28A, LIN28B A*24 188 SLPGSFIYVF HMCN1 A*24 189 FYPDEDDFYF MYCN A*24 190 IYIIMQSCW FLT3 A*24 191 MSYSCGLPSL KRT33A A*24 192 CYSFIHLSF NLRP2, NLRP7 A*24 193 KYKPVALQCIA HMCN1 A*24 194 EYFLPSLEII SLC24A5 A*24 195 IYNEHGIQQI COL11A1 A*24 196 VGRSPVFLF COL11A1 A*24 197 YYHSGENLY PSG1, PSG3, PSG7 A*24 198 VLAPVSGQF FCRL5 A*24; B*15 199 MFQFEHIKW FBXW10 A*24 200 LYMSVEDFI STK31 A*24 201 VFPSVDVSF PTPRZ1 A*24 202 VYDTMIEKFA PTPRZ1 A*24 203 VYPSESTVM PTPRZ1 A*24 204 WQNVTPLTF MMP16 A*24 205 ISWEVVHTVF HMCN1 A*24 206 EVVHTVFLF HMCN1 A*24; A*26 207 IYKFIMDRF FOXB1 A*24 208 QYLQQQAKL FOXB1 A*24 209 DIYVTGGHLF KLHDC7B A*24 210 EAYSYPPATI HMCN1 A*24 211 MLYFAPDLIL PGR A*24 212 VYFVQYKIM IL22RA2 A*24 213 FYNRLTKLF OFCC1 A*24 214 YIPMSVMLF HTR7 A*24 215 KASKITFHW PTPRZ1 A*24 216 RHYHSIEVF LOXL4 A*24; C*12 217 QRYGFSSVGF RHBG A*24; B*27 218 FYFYNCSSL ERVV-1, ERVV-2 A*24 219 KVVSGFYYI CCR8 A*24 220 TYATHVTEI CCR8 A*24 221 VFYCLLFVF CCR8 A*24 222 HYHAESFLF HEPHL1 A*24 223 KLRALSILF PTPRZ1 A*24 224 AYLQFLSVL GREB1 A*24 225 ISMSATEFLL CYP1A1 A*24 226 TYSTNRTMI FLT3 A*24 227 YLPNPSLNAF CYP1A1 A*24 228 VYLRIGGF WNT7A A*24 229 CAMPVAMEF KBTBD8 A*24 230 RWLSKPSLL KBTBD8 A*24 231 KYSVAFYSLD LAMA1 A*24 232 IWPGFTTSI PIWIL1 A*24 233 LYSRRGVRTL DPPA3, DPPA3P2, LOC101060236 A*24 234 RYKMLIPF NLRP2 A*24 235 VYISDVSVY CLECL1 A*24 236 LHLYCLNTF PGR A*24 237 RQGLTVLTW DNAH8 A*24 238 YTCSRAVSLF OTOG A*24 239 IYTFSNVTF BTN1A1 A*24 240 RVHANPLLI APOB A*24; B*15 241 QKYYITGEAEGF ESR1 A*24 242 SYTPLLSYI C1orf94 A*24 243 ALFPMGPLTF LILRA4 A*24; B*15 244 TYIDTRTVFL CAPN6 A*24 245 VLPLHFLPF HBG2 A*24 246 KIYTTVLFANI NPFFR2 A*24 247 VHSYLGSPF MPL A*24 248 CWGPHCFEM SEMA5B A*24 249 HQYGGAYNRV DLX5 A*24 250 VYSDRQIYLL ABCC11 A*24 251 DYLLSWLLF CNR2 A*24 252 RYLIIKYPF SUCNR1 A*24 253 QYYCLLLIF KLRF2 A*24 254 KQHAWLPLTI TCL1A A*24 255 VYLDEKQHAW TCL1A A*24 256 QHAWLPLTI TCL1A A*24; B*39 257 MLILFFSTI OR56A3 A*24 258 VCWNPFNNTF RNF183 A*24 259 FFLFIPFF ADAM2 A*24 260 FLFIPFFIIF ADAM2 A*24 261 IMFCLKNFWW TBC1D7 A*24 262 YIMFCLKNF TBC1D7 A*24 263 AYVTEFVSL SCN3A A*24 264 AYAIPSASLSW HMCN1 A*24 265 LYQQSDTWSL KIAA1407 A*24 266 TQIITFESF CSF2 A*24; B*15 267 QHMLPFWTDL NLRP2 A*24 268 YQFGWSPNF CFHR5 A*24 269 FSFSTSMNEF CAPN6 A*24 270 GTGKLFVWF BTLA A*24 271 INGDLVFSF CAPN6 A*24 272 IYFNHRCF SFMBT1 A*24 273 VTMYLPLLL GPR143 A*24 274 EYSLPVLTF PTPRZ1 A*24 275 PEYSLPVLTF PTPRZ1 A*24 276 KFLGSKCSF HAS3 A*24 277 MSAIWISAF SLC24A5 A*24 278 TYESVVTGFF HAS3 A*24 279 KYKNPYGF MMP20 A*24 280 TIYSLEMKMSF GLB1L3 A*24 281 MDQNQVVWTF ROS1 A*24 282 ASYQQSTSSFF FAM82A1 A*24 283 SYIVDGKII PSG9 A*24 284 QFYSTLPNTI ROS1 A*24 285 YFLPGPHYF SOX30 A*24 286 HHTQLIFVF ELP4, EXOSC7, KCNG2, TM4SF19, TOP2A A*24 287 LVQPQAVLF PAX5 A*24 288 MGKGSISFLF PCSK1 A*24 289 RTLNEIYHW FOXP3 A*24 290 VTPKMLISF OR5H8P A*24 291 YTRLVLQF GABRP A*24 292 KMFPKDFRF TTLL6 A*24 293 MYAYAGWFY SLC7A11 A*24 294 KMGRIVDYF GABRP A*24 295 KYNRQSMTL APOB A*24 296 YQRPDLLLF GEN1 A*24; B*15 297 LKSPRLFTF BTBD16 A*24 298 TYETVMTFF BTBD16 A*24 299 FLPALYSLL CXCR3 A*24 300 LFALPDFIF CXCR3 A*24 301 RTALSSTDTF CXCR3 A*24 302 YQGSLEVLF MROH2A A*24 303 RFLDRGWGF ADAMTS12 A*24 304 YFGNPQKF LAMA3 A*24 305 RNAFSIYIL MRGPRX1 A*24 306 RYILEPFFI SLC7A11 A*24 307 RILTEFELL TRIM31 A*24 308 AAFISVPLLI TAS2R38 A*24 309 AFISVPLLI TAS2R38 A*24 310 EFINGWYVL MCOLN2 A*24 311 IQNAILHLF OR51B5 A*24 312 YLCMLYALF KCNK18 A*24 313 IFMENAFEL APOB A*24 314 SQHFNLATF DNMT3B A*24; B*15 315 VYDYIPLLL MROH2A A*24 316 IWAERIMF TDRD1 A*24 317 DWIWRILFLV IGHV1-58 A*24 318 VQADAKLLF FERMT1 A*24; B*15 319 ATATLHLIF PCDHGB1, PCDHGB2 A*24; B*15 320 EVYQKIILKF PASD1 A*24 321 VYTVGHNLI KLB A*24 322 SFISPRYSWLF SPNS3 A*24 323 NYSPVTGKF OTOL1 A*24 324 RYFVSNIYL PRSS21 A*24 325 IFMGAVPTL LPAR3 A*24 326 VHMKDFFYF DYRK4 A*24 327 KWKPSPLLF GPR126 A*24 328 IYLVGGYSW KLHL14 A*24 329 YLGKNWSF SPNS3 A*24 330 DYIQMIPEL RTL1 A*24 331 EYIDEFQSL RTL1 A*24 332 VYCSLDKSQF RTL1 A*24 333 RYADLLIYTY MY03B A*24 334 KVFGSFLTL AGTR2 A*24 335 RYQSVIYPF AGTR2 A*24 336 VYSDLHAFY MANEAL A*24; A*29 337 SHSDHEFLF ARSH A*24; B*38 338 VYLTWLPGL IFNLR1 A*24 339 KQVIGIHTF SFMBT1 A*24; B*15 340 FPPTPPLF BCL11A A*24 341 RYENVSILF ADCY8 A*24 342 MYGIVIRTI NPSR1 A*24 343 EYQQYHPSL CLEC4C A*24 344 YAYATVLTF ABCC4 A*24; B*46 345 RYLEEHTEF MROH2A A*24 346 TYIDFVPYI TEX15 A*24 347 AWLIVLLFL CTCFL A*24 348 RSWENIPVTF C18orf54 A*24 349 IYMTTGVLL TDRD9 A*24 350 VYKWTEEKF TSPEAR A*24 351 GYFGTASLF SLC16A14 A*24 352 NAFEAPLTF BRCA2 A*24; C*07 353 AAFPGAFSF CRB2 A*24; C*07 354 QYIPTFHVY SLC44A5 A*24 355 VYNNNSSRF MYO10 A*24 356 YSLEHLTQF ZCCHC16 A*24 357 RALLPSPLF SPATA31D1 A*24 358 IYANVTEMLL CYP27C1 A*24 359 TQLPAPLRI GPR45 A*24 360 LYITKVTTI FSTL4 A*24 361 KQPANFIVL LOC100124692 A*24 362 NYMDTDNLMF LOC100124692 A*24 363 QYGFNYNKF PNLDC1 A*24 364 KQSQVVFVL HMCN1, HMCN2, LOC101060175 A*24; B*48 365 KDLMKAYLF TXNDC16 A*24; B*37 366 RLGEFVLLF TGM6 A*24 367 HWSHITHLF DPY19L1 A*24 368 AYFVAMHLF TENM4 A*24 369 NFYLFPTTF PNLDC1 A*24 370 TQMDVKLVF GEN1 A*24; B*15 371 FRSWAVQTF NOS2 A*24; C*06 372 LYHNWRHAF PDE11A A*24 373 IWDALERTF ABCC11 A*24 374 MIFAVVVLF CCR4 A*24 375 YYAADQWVF CCR4 A*24 376 KYVGEVFNI DMXL1 A*24 377 SLWREVVTF CEP250 A*24 378 VYAVISNIL TNR A*24 379 KLPTEWNVL AKAP13 A*24 380 FYIRRLPMF CHRNA6 A*24 381 IYTDITYSF CHRNA6 A*24 382 SYPKELMKF MROH2A A*24

TABLE 1b Peptides according to the present invention. Seq HLA ID No Sequence Gene(s) allotype 463 VGGNVTSNF CT45A4, CT45A5 A*24 464 VGGNVTSSF CT45A1, CT45A2, CT45A3, CT45A4, A*24 CT45A6, LOC101060208, LOC101060210, LOC101060211

TABLE 2 Additional peptides according to the present invention with no prior known cancer association. Seq ID No Sequence Gene(s) HLA allotype 383 PYFSPSASF SPERT A*24 384 RTRGWVQTL C6orf223 A*24 385 GYFGNPQKF LAMA3 A*24 386 YQSRDYYNF AR A*24 387 THAGVRLYF NUP155 A*24; B*38

TABLE 3 Peptides according to the present invention useful for e.g. personalized cancer therapies. Seq ID HLA No Sequence Gene(s) allotype 388 LFHPEDTGQVF KLK3 A*24 389 AYSEKVTEF KLK2 A*24 390 KYKDYFPVI LOC392555, MAGEC2 A*24 391 VYGEPRELL LOC392555, MAGEC2 A*24 392 SYEKVINYL MAGEA9, MAGEA9B A*24 393 SYNDALLTF TRPM8 A*24 394 VYLPKIPSW KCNU1 A*24 395 NYEDHFPLL MAGEA10 A*24 396 SYVKVLHHL LOC101060230, MAGEA12 A*24 397 RMPTVLQCV KLK4 A*24 398 GYLQGLVSF KLK4 A*24 399 VWSNVTPLKF MMP12 A*24 400 RYLEKFYGL MMP12 A*24 401 YLEKFYGL MMP12 A*24 402 TYKYVDINTF MMP12 A*24 403 LYFEKGEYF ACPP A*24 404 SYLKAVFNL CYP4Z1, CYP4Z2P A*24 405 NYPKSIHSF MMP12 A*24 406 KYLEKYYNL MMP1 A*24 407 RILRFPWQL MMP11 A*24 408 VWSDVTPLTF MMP11 A*24 409 VYTFLSSTL ESR1 A*24 410 IYISNSIYF CXorf48 A*24 411 VYPPYLNYL PGR A*24 412 STIRGELFFF MMP11 A*24 413 RYMKKDYLI SLC35D3 A*24 414 TDSIHAWTF SLC35D3 A*24 415 KYEKIFEML CT45A1, CT45A2, CT45A3, CT45A4, A*24 CT45A5, CT45A6, LOC101060208, LOC101060210, LOC101060211 416 VFMKDGFFYF MMP1 A*24 417 GYIDKVRQL NEFH A*24 418 VHFEDTGKTLLF MMP13 A*24 419 RYVFPLPYL SOX14 A*24 420 VYEKNGYIYF MMP13 A*24 421 RYILENHDF RFPL4B A*24 422 VWSDVTPLNF MMP13 A*24 423 IYPDVTYAF CHRNA2 A*24 424 VQQWSVAVF PTHLH A*24 425 GYIDNVTLI LAMC2 A*24 426 SVHKITSTF LAMC2 A*24 427 VYFVAPAKF LAMC2 A*24 428 WYVNGVNYF TRPM8 A*24 429 YYSKSVGFMQW FAM111B A*24 430 VYIAELEKI SMC1B A*24 431 KTPTNYYLF NMUR2 A*24 432 TRTGLFLRF NLRP2, NLRP7 A*24 433 NYTSLLVTW PTPRZ1 A*24 434 VYDTMIEKF PTPRZ1 A*24 435 IYVTGGHLF KLHDC7B A*24 436 KYLQVVGMF OXTR A*24 437 VFKASKITF PTPRZ1 A*24 438 SYSSCYSF KRT13, KRT17 A*24 439 VYALKVRTI CCR8 A*24 440 NYGVLHVTF NLRP11 A*24 441 NYLVDPVTI TRIM43, TRIM43B A*24 442 KYLNSVQYI RALGPS2 A*24 443 VFIHHLPQF ACSM1 A*24 444 IYLSDLTYI RALGPS2 A*24 445 TYIDTRTVF CAPN6 A*24 446 IYGFFNENF NPFFR2 A*24 447 EYIRALQQL ASCL1 A*24 448 PFLPPAACFF ASCL1 A*24 449 QYIEELQKF RALGPS2 A*24 450 QYDPTPLTW ADAMTS12 A*24 451 FGLARIYSF CDK6 A*24 452 VYKDSIYYI KBTBD8 A*24 453 YYTVRNFTL PTPRZ1 A*24 454 TLPNTIYRF ROS1 A*24 455 KYLSIPTVF UGT1A3 A*24 456 PYDPALGSPSRLF SP5 A*24 457 LIFMLANVF GABRP A*24 458 DYLNEWGSRF CDH3 A*24 459 SYEVRSTF TAS2R38 A*24 460 VYPWLGALL CYP2W1 A*24

The present invention furthermore generally relates to the peptides according to the present invention for use in the treatment of proliferative diseases, such as cancer, such as, for example, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

Particularly preferred are the peptides—alone or in combination—according to the present invention selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID: 464. More preferred are the peptides—alone or in combination—selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 89 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID: 464 (see Table 1a and Table 1b), and their uses in the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, and preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the peptides according to the present invention for the—preferably combined—treatment of a proliferative disease selected from the group of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention furthermore relates to peptides according to the present invention that have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or—in an elongated form, such as a length-variant—MHC class-II.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention wherein said peptides (each) consist or consist essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID: 464.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention, wherein said peptide is modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention, wherein said peptide is part of a fusion protein, in particular fused to the N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii) or fused to (or into the sequence of) an antibody, such as, for example, an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells.

The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid, encoding the peptides according to the present invention. The present invention further relates to the nucleic acid according to the present invention that is DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof.

The present invention further relates to an expression vector capable of expressing and/or expressing a nucleic acid according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a peptide according to the present invention, a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector according to the present invention for use in the treatment of diseases and in medicine, in particular in the treatment of cancer.

The present invention further relates to antibodies that are specific against the peptides according to the present invention or complexes of said peptides according to the present invention with MHC, and methods of making these.

The present invention further relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs), in particular soluble TCR (sTCRs) and cloned TCRs engineered into autologous or allogeneic T cells, and methods of making these, as well as NK cells or other cells bearing said TCR or cross-reacting with said TCRs.

The antibodies and TCRs are additional embodiments of the immunotherapeutic use of the peptides according to the invention at hand.

The present invention further relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector as described before. The present invention further relates to the host cell according to the present invention that is an antigen presenting cell, and preferably is a dendritic cell.

The present invention further relates to a method for producing a peptide according to the present invention, said method comprising culturing the host cell according to the present invention, and isolating the peptide from said host cell or its culture medium.

The present invention further relates to said method according to the present invention, wherein the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or artificial antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell.

The present invention further relates to the method according to the present invention, wherein the antigen-presenting cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing or expressing said peptide containing SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID: 464, preferably containing SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 89 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID: 464, or a variant amino acid sequence.

The present invention further relates to activated T cells, produced by the method according to the present invention, wherein said T cell selectively recognizes a cell which expresses a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a method of killing target cells in a patient which target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as produced according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to the use of any peptide as described, the nucleic acid according to the present invention, the expression vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, the activated T lymphocyte, the T cell receptor or the antibody or other peptide- and/or peptide-MHC-binding molecules according to the present invention as a medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. Preferably, said medicament is active against cancer.

Preferably, said medicament is a cellular therapy, a vaccine or a protein based on a soluble TCR or antibody.

The present invention further relates to a use according to the present invention, wherein said cancer cells are acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, and preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells.

The present invention further relates to biomarkers based on the peptides according to the present invention, herein called “targets” that can be used in the diagnosis of cancer, preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer. The marker can be over-presentation of the peptide(s) themselves, or over-expression of the corresponding gene(s). The markers may also be used to predict the probability of success of a treatment, preferably an immunotherapy, and most preferred an immunotherapy targeting the same target that is identified by the biomarker. For example, an antibody or soluble TCR can be used to stain sections of the tumor to detect the presence of a peptide of interest in complex with MHC.

Optionally the antibody carries a further effector function such as an immune stimulating domain or toxin.

The present invention also relates to the use of these novel targets in the context of cancer treatment.

Stimulation of an immune response is dependent upon the presence of antigens recognized as foreign by the host immune system. The discovery of the existence of tumor associated antigens has raised the possibility of using a host's immune system to intervene in tumor growth. Various mechanisms of harnessing both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system are currently being explored for cancer immunotherapy.

Specific elements of the cellular immune response are capable of specifically recognizing and destroying tumor cells. The isolation of T-cells from tumor-infiltrating cell populations or from peripheral blood suggests that such cells play an important role in natural immune defense against cancer. CD8-positive T-cells in particular, which recognize class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bearing peptides of usually 8 to 10 amino acid residues derived from proteins or defect ribosomal products (DRIPS) located in the cytosol, play an important role in this response. The MHC-molecules of the human are also designated as human leukocyte-antigens (HLA).

As used herein and except as noted otherwise all terms are defined as given below.

The term “T-cell response” means the specific proliferation and activation of effector functions induced by a peptide in vitro or in vivo. For MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T cells, effector functions may be lysis of peptide-pulsed, peptide-precursor pulsed or naturally peptide-presenting target cells, secretion of cytokines, preferably Interferon-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-2 induced by peptide, secretion of effector molecules, preferably granzymes or perforins induced by peptide, or degranulation.

The term “peptide” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The peptides are preferably 9 amino acids in length, but can be as short as κ amino acids in length, and as long as 10, 11, or 12 or longer, and in case of MHC class II peptides (elongated variants of the peptides of the invention) they can be as long as 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 or more amino acids in length.

Furthermore, the term “peptide” shall include salts of a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. Preferably, the salts are pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the peptides, such as, for example, the chloride or acetate (trifluoroacetate) salts. It has to be noted that the salts of the peptides according to the present invention differ substantially from the peptides in their state(s) in vivo, as the peptides are not salts in vivo.

The term “peptide” shall also include “oligopeptide”. The term “oligopeptide” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The length of the oligopeptide is not critical to the invention, as long as the correct epitope or epitopes are maintained therein. The oligopeptides are typically less than about 30 amino acid residues in length, and greater than about 15 amino acids in length.

The term “polypeptide” designates a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The length of the polypeptide is not critical to the invention as long as the correct epitopes are maintained. In contrast to the terms peptide or oligopeptide, the term polypeptide is meant to refer to molecules containing more than about 30 amino acid residues.

A peptide, oligopeptide, protein or polynucleotide coding for such a molecule is “immunogenic” (and thus is an “immunogen” within the present invention), if it is capable of inducing an immune response. In the case of the present invention, immunogenicity is more specifically defined as the ability to induce a T-cell response. Thus, an “immunogen” would be a molecule that is capable of inducing an immune response, and in the case of the present invention, a molecule capable of inducing a T-cell response. In another aspect, the immunogen can be the peptide, the complex of the peptide with MHC, oligopeptide, and/or protein that is used to raise specific antibodies or TCRs against it.

A class I T cell “epitope” requires a short peptide that is bound to a class I MHC receptor, forming a ternary complex (MHC class I alpha chain, beta-2-microglobulin, and peptide) that can be recognized by a T cell bearing a matching T-cell receptor binding to the MHC/peptide complex with appropriate affinity. Peptides binding to MHC class I molecules are typically 8-14 amino acids in length, and most typically 9 amino acids in length.

In humans there are three different genetic loci that encode MHC class I molecules (the MHC-molecules of the human are also designated human leukocyte antigens (HLA)): HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. HLA-A*01, HLA-A*02, and HLA-B*07 are examples of different MHC class I alleles that can be expressed from these loci.

TABLE 4 Expression frequencies F of HLA-A*02, HLA-A*01, HLA-A*03, HLA-A*24, HLA-B*07, HLA-B*08 and HLA-B*44 serotypes. Haplotype frequencies Gf are derived from a study which used HLA-typing data from a registry of more than 6.5 million volunteer donors in the U.S. (Gragert et al., 2013). The haplotype frequency is the frequency of a distinct allele on an individual chromosome. Due to the diploid set of chromosomes within mammalian cells, the frequency of genotypic occurrence of this allele is higher and can be calculated employing the Hardy-Weinberg principle (F = 1 − (1 − Gf)²). Calculated phenotype from Allele Population allele frequency (F) A*02 African (N = 28557) 32.3% European Caucasian 49.3% (N = 1242890) Japanese (N = 24582) 42.7% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 46.1% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 30.4% A*01 African (N = 28557) 10.2% European Caucasian 30.2% (N = 1242890) Japanese (N = 24582) 1.8% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 14.0% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 21.0% A*03 African (N = 28557) 14.8% European Caucasian 26.4% (N = 1242890) Japanese (N = 24582) 1.8% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 14.4% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 10.6% A*24 African (N = 28557) 2.0% European Caucasian 8.6% (N = 1242890) Japanese (N = 24582) 35.5% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 13.6% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 16.9% B*07 African (N = 28557) 14.7% European Caucasian 25.0% (N = 1242890) Japanese (N = 24582) 11.4% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 12.2% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 10.4% B*08 African (N = 28557) 6.0% European Caucasian 21.6% (N = 1242890) Japanese (N = 24582) 1.0% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 7.6% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 6.2% B*44 African (N = 28557) 10.6% European Caucasian 26.9% (N = 1242890) Japanese (N = 24582) 13.0% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 18.2% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 13.1%

The peptides of the invention, preferably when included into a vaccine of the invention as described herein bind to A*24. A vaccine may also include pan-binding MHC class II peptides. Therefore, the vaccine of the invention can be used to treat cancer in patients that are A*24-positive, whereas no selection for MHC class II allotypes is necessary due to the pan-binding nature of these peptides.

If A*24 peptides of the invention are combined with peptides binding to another allele, for example A*02, a higher percentage of any patient population can be treated compared with addressing either MHC class I allele alone. While in most populations less than 50% of patients could be addressed by either allele alone, a vaccine comprising HLA-A*24 and HLA-A*02 epitopes can treat at least 60% of patients in any relevant population. Specifically, the following percentages of patients will be positive for at least one of these alleles in various regions: USA 61%, Western Europe 62%, China 75%, South Korea 77%, Japan 86% (calculated from www.allelefrequencies.net).

TABLE 5 HLA alleles coverage in European Caucasian population (calculated from (Gragert et al., 2013)). coverage combined (at least one combined combined with B*07 A-allele) with B*07 with B*44 and B*44 A*02/A*01 70% 78% 78% 84% A*02/A*03 68% 76% 76% 83% A*02/A*24 61% 71% 71% 80% A*′01/A*03 52% 64% 65% 75% A*01/A*24 44% 58% 59% 71% A*03/A*24 40% 55% 56% 69% A*02/A*01/A*03 84% 88% 88% 91% A*02/A*01/A*24 79% 84% 84% 89% A*02/A*03/A*24 77% 82% 83% 88% A*01/A*03/A*24 63% 72% 73% 81% A*02/A*01/A*03/ 90% 92% 93% 95% A*24

In a preferred embodiment, the term “nucleotide sequence” refers to a heteropolymer of deoxyribonucleotides.

The nucleotide sequence coding for a particular peptide, oligopeptide, or polypeptide may be naturally occurring or they may be synthetically constructed. Generally, DNA segments encoding the peptides, polypeptides, and proteins of this invention are assembled from cDNA fragments and short oligonucleotide linkers, or from a series of oligonucleotides, to provide a synthetic gene that is capable of being expressed in a recombinant transcriptional unit comprising regulatory elements derived from a microbial or viral operon.

As used herein the term “a nucleotide coding for (or encoding) a peptide” refers to a nucleotide sequence coding for the peptide including artificial (man-made) start and stop codons compatible for the biological system the sequence is to be expressed by, for example, a dendritic cell or another cell system useful for the production of TCRs.

As used herein, reference to a nucleic acid sequence includes both single stranded and double stranded nucleic acid. Thus, for example for DNA, the specific sequence, unless the context indicates otherwise, refers to the single strand DNA of such sequence, the duplex of such sequence with its complement (double stranded DNA) and the complement of such sequence.

The term “coding region” refers to that portion of a gene which either naturally or normally codes for the expression product of that gene in its natural genomic environment, i.e., the region coding in vivo for the native expression product of the gene.

The coding region can be derived from a non-mutated (“normal”), mutated or altered gene, or can even be derived from a DNA sequence, or gene, wholly synthesized in the laboratory using methods well known to those of skill in the art of DNA synthesis.

The term “expression product” means the polypeptide or protein that is the natural translation product of the gene and any nucleic acid sequence coding equivalents resulting from genetic code degeneracy and thus coding for the same amino acid(s).

The term “fragment”, when referring to a coding sequence, means a portion of DNA comprising less than the complete coding region, whose expression product retains essentially the same biological function or activity as the expression product of the complete coding region.

The term “DNA segment” refers to a DNA polymer, in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger DNA construct, which has been derived from DNA isolated at least once in substantially pure form, i.e., free of contaminating endogenous materials and in a quantity or concentration enabling identification, manipulation, and recovery of the segment and its component nucleotide sequences by standard biochemical methods, for example, by using a cloning vector. Such segments are provided in the form of an open reading frame uninterrupted by internal non-translated sequences, or introns, which are typically present in eukaryotic genes. Sequences of non-translated DNA may be present downstream from the open reading frame, where the same do not interfere with manipulation or expression of the coding regions.

The term “primer” means a short nucleic acid sequence that can be paired with one strand of DNA and provides a free 3′-OH end at which a DNA polymerase starts synthesis of a deoxyribonucleotide chain.

The term “promoter” means a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

The term “isolated” means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment, if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.

The polynucleotides, and recombinant or immunogenic polypeptides, disclosed in accordance with the present invention may also be in “purified” form. The term “purified” does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative definition, and can include preparations that are highly purified or preparations that are only partially purified, as those terms are understood by those of skill in the relevant art. For example, individual clones isolated from a cDNA library have been conventionally purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Purification of starting material or natural material to at least one order of magnitude, preferably two or three orders, and more preferably four or five orders of magnitude is expressly contemplated. Furthermore, a claimed polypeptide which has a purity of preferably 99.999%, or at least 99.99% or 99.9%; and even desirably 99% by weight or greater is expressly encompassed.

The nucleic acids and polypeptide expression products disclosed according to the present invention, as well as expression vectors containing such nucleic acids and/or such polypeptides, may be in “enriched form”. As used herein, the term “enriched” means that the concentration of the material is at least about 2, 5, 10, 100, or 1000 times its natural concentration (for example), advantageously 0.01%, by weight, preferably at least about 0.1% by weight. Enriched preparations of about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight are also contemplated. The sequences, constructs, vectors, clones, and other materials comprising the present invention can advantageously be in enriched or isolated form. The term “active fragment” means a fragment, usually of a peptide, polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence, that generates an immune response (i.e., has immunogenic activity) when administered, alone or optionally with a suitable adjuvant or in a vector, to an animal, such as a mammal, for example, a rabbit or a mouse, and also including a human, such immune response taking the form of stimulating a T-cell response within the recipient animal, such as a human. Alternatively, the “active fragment” may also be used to induce a T-cell response in vitro.

As used herein, the terms “portion”, “segment” and “fragment”, when used in relation to polypeptides, refer to a continuous sequence of residues, such as amino acid residues, which sequence forms a subset of a larger sequence. For example, if a polypeptide were subjected to treatment with any of the common endopeptidases, such as trypsin or chymotrypsin, the oligopeptides resulting from such treatment would represent portions, segments or fragments of the starting polypeptide. When used in relation to polynucleotides, these terms refer to the products produced by treatment of said polynucleotides with any of the endonucleases.

In accordance with the present invention, the term “percent identity” or “percent identical”, when referring to a sequence, means that a sequence is compared to a claimed or described sequence after alignment of the sequence to be compared (the “Compared Sequence”) with the described or claimed sequence (the “Reference Sequence”). The percent identity is then determined according to the following formula:

percent identity=100[1−(C/R)]

wherein C is the number of differences between the Reference Sequence and the Compared Sequence over the length of alignment between the Reference Sequence and the Compared Sequence, wherein (i) each base or amino acid in the Reference Sequence that does not have a corresponding aligned base or amino acid in the Compared Sequence and (ii) each gap in the Reference Sequence and (iii) each aligned base or amino acid in the Reference Sequence that is different from an aligned base or amino acid in the Compared Sequence, constitutes a difference and (iiii) the alignment has to start at position 1 of the aligned sequences; and R is the number of bases or amino acids in the Reference Sequence over the length of the alignment with the Compared Sequence with any gap created in the Reference Sequence also being counted as a base or amino acid.

If an alignment exists between the Compared Sequence and the Reference Sequence for which the percent identity as calculated above is about equal to or greater than a specified minimum Percent Identity then the Compared Sequence has the specified minimum percent identity to the Reference Sequence even though alignments may exist in which the herein above calculated percent identity is less than the specified percent identity.

As mentioned above, the present invention thus provides a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group of consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 or a variant thereof which is 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, or a variant thereof that will induce T cells cross-reacting with said peptide. The peptides of the invention have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or elongated versions of said peptides to class II.

In the present invention, the term “homologous” shall refer to the degree of identity (see percent identity above) between sequences of two amino acid sequences, i.e. peptide or polypeptide sequences. The aforementioned “homology” is determined by comparing two sequences aligned under optimal conditions over the sequences to be compared. Such a sequence homology can be calculated by creating an alignment using, for example, the ClustalW algorithm. Commonly available sequence analysis software, more specifically, Vector NTI, GENETYX or other tools are provided by public databases.

A person skilled in the art will be able to assess, whether T cells induced by a variant of a specific peptide will be able to cross-react with the peptide itself (Appay et al., 2006; Colombetti et al., 2006; Fong et al., 2001; Zaremba et al., 1997).

By a “variant” of the given amino acid sequence the inventors mean that the side chains of, for example, one or two of the amino acid residues are altered (for example by replacing them with the side chain of another naturally occurring amino acid residue or some other side chain) such that the peptide is still able to bind to an HLA molecule in substantially the same way as a peptide consisting of the given amino acid sequence in consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464.

For example, a peptide may be modified so that it at least maintains, if not improves, the ability to interact with and bind to the binding groove of a suitable MHC molecule, such as HLA-A*02 or -DR, and in that way it at least maintains, if not improves, the ability to bind to the TCR of activated T cells.

These T cells can subsequently cross-react with cells and kill cells that express a polypeptide that contains the natural amino acid sequence of the cognate peptide as defined in the aspects of the invention. As can be derived from the scientific literature and databases (Godkin et al., 1997; Rammensee et al., 1999), certain positions of HLA binding peptides are typically anchor residues forming a core sequence fitting to the binding motif of the HLA receptor, which is defined by polar, electrophysical, hydrophobic and spatial properties of the polypeptide chains constituting the binding groove. Thus, one skilled in the art would be able to modify the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, by maintaining the known anchor residues, and would be able to determine whether such variants maintain the ability to bind MHC class I or II molecules. The variants of the present invention retain the ability to bind to the TCR of activated T cells, which can subsequently cross-react with and kill cells that express a polypeptide containing the natural amino acid sequence of the cognate peptide as defined in the aspects of the invention.

The original (unmodified) peptides as disclosed herein can be modified by the substitution of one or more residues at different, possibly selective, sites within the peptide chain, if not otherwise stated. Preferably those substitutions are located at the end of the amino acid chain. Such substitutions may be of a conservative nature, for example, where one amino acid is replaced by an amino acid of similar structure and characteristics, such as where a hydrophobic amino acid is replaced by another hydrophobic amino acid. Even more conservative would be replacement of amino acids of the same or similar size and chemical nature, such as where leucine is replaced by isoleucine. In studies of sequence variations in families of naturally occurring homologous proteins, certain amino acid substitutions are more often tolerated than others, and these are often show correlation with similarities in size, charge, polarity, and hydrophobicity between the original amino acid and its replacement, and such is the basis for defining “conservative substitutions.”

Conservative substitutions are herein defined as exchanges within one of the following five groups: Group 1-small aliphatic, nonpolar or slightly polar residues (Ala, Ser, Thr, Pro, Gly); Group 2-polar, negatively charged residues and their amides (Asp, Asn, Glu, Gin); Group 3-polar, positively charged residues (His, Arg, Lys); Group 4-large, aliphatic, nonpolar residues (Met, Leu, lie, Val, Cys); and Group 5-large, aromatic residues (Phe, Tyr, Trp).

Less conservative substitutions might involve the replacement of one amino acid by another that has similar characteristics but is somewhat different in size, such as replacement of an alanine by an isoleucine residue. Highly non-conservative replacements might involve substituting an acidic amino acid for one that is polar, or even for one that is basic in character. Such “radical” substitutions cannot, however, be dismissed as potentially ineffective since chemical effects are not totally predictable and radical substitutions might well give rise to serendipitous effects not otherwise predictable from simple chemical principles.

Of course, such substitutions may involve structures other than the common L-amino acids. Thus, D-amino acids might be substituted for the L-amino acids commonly found in the antigenic peptides of the invention and yet still be encompassed by the disclosure herein. In addition, non-standard amino acids (i.e., other than the common naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acids) may also be used for substitution purposes to produce immunogens and immunogenic polypeptides according to the present invention.

If substitutions at more than one position are found to result in a peptide with substantially equivalent or greater antigenic activity as defined below, then combinations of those substitutions will be tested to determine if the combined substitutions result in additive or synergistic effects on the antigenicity of the peptide. At most, no more than 4 positions within the peptide would be simultaneously substituted.

A peptide consisting essentially of the amino acid sequence as indicated herein can have one or two non-anchor amino acids (see below regarding the anchor motif) exchanged without that the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or —II is substantially changed or is negatively affected, when compared to the non-modified peptide. In another embodiment, in a peptide consisting essentially of the amino acid sequence as indicated herein, one or two amino acids can be exchanged with their conservative exchange partners (see herein below) without that the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or —II is substantially changed, or is negatively affected, when compared to the non-modified peptide.

The amino acid residues that do not substantially contribute to interactions with the T-cell receptor can be modified by replacement with other amino acid whose incorporation does not substantially affect T-cell reactivity and does not eliminate binding to the relevant MHC. Thus, apart from the proviso given, the peptide of the invention may be any peptide (by which term the inventors include oligopeptide or polypeptide), which includes the amino acid sequences or a portion or variant thereof as given.

TABLE 6 Variants and motives of the peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 7, 10, 23, and 40 Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SEQ ID No 7 G Y P L R G S S I Variant L F F F L F F SEQ ID No Q Y P E F S I E L 10 Variant I F F I F F F SEQ ID No V Y S S F V F N L F 23 Variant I L F I F L F SEQ ID No N Y P E G A A Y E F 40 Variant I L F I F L F

Longer (elongated) peptides may also be suitable. It is possible that MHC class I epitopes, although usually between 8 and 11 amino acids long, are generated by peptide processing from longer peptides or proteins that include the actual epitope. It is preferred that the residues that flank the actual epitope are residues that do not substantially affect proteolytic cleavage necessary to expose the actual epitope during processing.

The peptides of the invention can be elongated by up to four amino acids, that is 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids can be added to either end in any combination between 4:0 and 0:4. Combinations of the elongations according to the invention can be found in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Combinations of the elongations of peptides of the invention C-terminus N-terminus 4 0 3 0 or 1 2 0 or 1 or 2 1 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 0 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 N-terminus C-terminus 4 0 3 0 or 1 2 0 or 1 or 2 1 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 0 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

The amino acids for the elongation/extension can be the peptides of the original sequence of the protein or any other amino acid(s). The elongation can be used to enhance the stability or solubility of the peptides.

Thus, the epitopes of the present invention may be identical to naturally occurring tumor-associated or tumor-specific epitopes or may include epitopes that differ by no more than four residues from the reference peptide, as long as they have substantially identical antigenic activity.

In an alternative embodiment, the peptide is elongated on either or both sides by more than 4 amino acids, preferably to a total length of up to 30 amino acids. This may lead to MHC class II binding peptides. Binding to MHC class II can be tested by methods known in the art.

Accordingly, the present invention provides peptides and variants of MHC class I epitopes, wherein the peptide or variant has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred between 8 and 14, namely 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 amino acids, in case of the elongated class II binding peptides the length can also be 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 amino acids.

Of course, the peptide or variant according to the present invention will have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II. Binding of a peptide or a variant to a MHC complex may be tested by methods known in the art.

Preferably, when the T cells specific for a peptide according to the present invention are tested against the substituted peptides, the peptide concentration at which the substituted peptides achieve half the maximal increase in lysis relative to background is no more than about 1 mM, preferably no more than about 1 μM, more preferably no more than about 1 nM, and still more preferably no more than about 100 μM, and most preferably no more than about 10 μM. It is also preferred that the substituted peptide be recognized by T cells from more than one individual, at least two, and more preferably three individuals.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464.

“Consisting essentially of” shall mean that a peptide according to the present invention, in addition to the sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 or a variant thereof contains additional N- and/or C-terminally located stretches of amino acids that are not necessarily forming part of the peptide that functions as an epitope for MHC molecules epitope.

Nevertheless, these stretches can be important to provide an efficient introduction of the peptide according to the present invention into the cells. In one embodiment of the present invention, the peptide is part of a fusion protein which comprises, for example, the 80 N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (p33, in the following “Ii”) as derived from the NCBI, GenBank Accession number X00497. In other fusions, the peptides of the present invention can be fused to an antibody as described herein, or a functional part thereof, in particular into a sequence of an antibody, so as to be specifically targeted by said antibody, or, for example, to or into an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells as described herein.

In addition, the peptide or variant may be modified further to improve stability and/or binding to MHC molecules in order to elicit a stronger immune response. Methods for such an optimization of a peptide sequence are well known in the art and include, for example, the introduction of reverse peptide bonds or non-peptide bonds.

In a reverse peptide bond amino acid residues are not joined by peptide (—CO—NH—) linkages but the peptide bond is reversed. Such retro-inverso peptidomimetics may be made using methods known in the art, for example such as those described in Meziere et al (1997) (Meziere et al., 1997), incorporated herein by reference. This approach involves making pseudopeptides containing changes involving the backbone, and not the orientation of side chains. Meziere et al. (Meziere et al., 1997) show that for MHC binding and T helper cell responses, these pseudopeptides are useful. Retro-inverse peptides, which contain NH—CO bonds instead of CO—NH peptide bonds, are much more resistant to proteolysis.

A non-peptide bond is, for example, —CH₂—NH, —CH₂S—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —COCH₂—, —CH(OH)CH₂—, and —CH₂SO—. U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,445 provides a method for the solid phase synthesis of non-peptide bonds (—CH₂—NH) in polypeptide chains which involves polypeptides synthesized by standard procedures and the non-peptide bond synthesized by reacting an amino aldehyde and an amino acid in the presence of NaCNBH₃.

Peptides comprising the sequences described above may be synthesized with additional chemical groups present at their amino and/or carboxy termini, to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and/or affinity of the peptides. For example, hydrophobic groups such as carbobenzoxyl, dansyl, or t-butyloxycarbonyl groups may be added to the peptides' amino termini. Likewise, an acetyl group or a 9-fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl group may be placed at the peptides' amino termini. Additionally, the hydrophobic group, t-butyloxycarbonyl, or an amido group may be added to the peptides' carboxy termini.

Further, the peptides of the invention may be synthesized to alter their steric configuration. For example, the D-isomer of one or more of the amino acid residues of the peptide may be used, rather than the usual L-isomer. Still further, at least one of the amino acid residues of the peptides of the invention may be substituted by one of the well-known non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. Alterations such as these may serve to increase the stability, bioavailability and/or binding action of the peptides of the invention.

Similarly, a peptide or variant of the invention may be modified chemically by reacting specific amino acids either before or after synthesis of the peptide. Examples for such modifications are well known in the art and are summarized e.g. in R. Lundblad, Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, 3rd ed. CRC Press, 2004 (Lundblad, 2004), which is incorporated herein by reference. Chemical modification of amino acids includes but is not limited to, modification by acylation, amidination, pyridoxylation of lysine, reductive alkylation, trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS), amide modification of carboxyl groups and sulphydryl modification by performic acid oxidation of cysteine to cysteic acid, formation of mercurial derivatives, formation of mixed disulphides with other thiol compounds, reaction with maleimide, carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide and carbamoylation with cyanate at alkaline pH, although without limitation thereto. In this regard, the skilled person is referred to Chapter 15 of Current Protocols In Protein Science, Eds. Coligan et al. (John Wiley and Sons NY 1995-2000) (Coligan et al., 1995) for more extensive methodology relating to chemical modification of proteins.

Briefly, modification of e.g. arginyl residues in proteins is often based on the reaction of vicinal dicarbonyl compounds such as phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, and 1,2-cyclohexanedione to form an adduct. Another example is the reaction of methylglyoxal with arginine residues. Cysteine can be modified without concomitant modification of other nucleophilic sites such as lysine and histidine. As a result, a large number of reagents are available for the modification of cysteine. The websites of companies such as Sigma-Aldrich (http://www.sigma-aldrich.com) provide information on specific reagents.

Selective reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins is also common. Disulfide bonds can be formed and oxidized during the heat treatment of biopharmaceuticals. Woodward's Reagent K may be used to modify specific glutamic acid residues. N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide can be used to form intra-molecular crosslinks between a lysine residue and a glutamic acid residue. For example, diethylpyrocarbonate is a reagent for the modification of histidyl residues in proteins.

Histidine can also be modified using 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The reaction of lysine residues and other α-amino groups is, for example, useful in binding of peptides to surfaces or the cross-linking of proteins/peptides. Lysine is the site of attachment of poly(ethylene)glycol and the major site of modification in the glycosylation of proteins. Methionine residues in proteins can be modified with e.g. iodoacetamide, bromoethylamine, and chloramine T.

Tetranitromethane and N-acetylimidazole can be used for the modification of tyrosyl residues. Cross-linking via the formation of dityrosine can be accomplished with hydrogen peroxide/copper ions.

Recent studies on the modification of tryptophan have used N-bromosuccinimide, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or 3-bromo-3-methyl-2-(2-nitrophenylmercapto)-3H-indole (BPNS-skatole).

Successful modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides with PEG is often associated with an extension of circulatory half-life while cross-linking of proteins with glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol diacrylate and formaldehyde is used for the preparation of hydrogels. Chemical modification of allergens for immunotherapy is often achieved by carbamylation with potassium cyanate.

A peptide or variant, wherein the peptide is modified or includes non-peptide bonds is a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a non-naturally occurring peptide wherein said peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 and has been synthetically produced (e.g. synthesized) as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Methods to synthetically produce peptides are well known in the art. The salts of the peptides according to the present invention differ substantially from the peptides in their state(s) in vivo, as the peptides as generated in vivo are no salts. The non-natural salt form of the peptide mediates the solubility of the peptide, in particular in the context of pharmaceutical compositions comprising the peptides, e.g. the peptide vaccines as disclosed herein. A sufficient and at least substantial solubility of the peptide(s) is required in order to efficiently provide the peptides to the subject to be treated. Preferably, the salts are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the peptides. These salts according to the invention include alkaline and earth alkaline salts such as salts of the Hofmeister series comprising as anions PO₄ ³⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, CH₃COO⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO₃ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, I⁻, SCN⁻ and as cations NH₄ ⁺, Rb⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cs⁺, Li⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Ba²⁺. Particularly salts are selected from (NH₄)₃PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, (NH₄)H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄CH₃COO, NH₄Cl, NH₄Br, NH₄NO₃, NH₄ClO₄, NH₄I, NH₄SCN, Rb₃PO₄, Rb₂HPO₄, RbH₂PO₄, Rb₂SO₄, Rb₄CH₃COO, Rb₄Cl, Rb₄Br, Rb₄NO₃, Rb₄ClO₄, Rb₄I, Rb₄SCN, K₃PO₄, K₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₂SO₄, KCH₃COO, KCl, KBr, KNO₃, KClO₄, KI, KSCN, Na₃PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCH₃COO, NaCl, NaBr, NaNO₃, NaClO₄, NaI, NaSCN, ZnClI₂ Cs₃PO₄, Cs₂HPO₄, CsH₂PO₄, Cs₂SO₄, CsCH₃COO, CsCl, CsBr, CsNO₃, CsClO₄, CsI, CsSCN, Li₃PO₄, Li₂HPO₄, LiH₂PO₄, Li₂SO₄, LiCH₃COO, LiCl, LiBr, LiNO₃, LiClO₄, LiI, LiSCN, Cu₂SO₄, Mg₃(PO₄)₂, Mg₂HPO₄, Mg(H₂PO₄)₂, Mg₂SO₄, Mg(CH₃COO)₂, MgCl₂, MgBr₂, Mg(NO₃)₂, Mg(ClO₄)₂, MgI₂, Mg(SCN)₂, MnCl₂, Ca₃(PO₄), Ca₂HPO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, CaSO₄, Ca(CH₃COO)₂, CaCl₂, CaBr₂, Ca(NO₃)₂, Ca(ClO₄)₂, Ca₁₂, Ca(SCN)₂, Ba₃(PO₄)₂, Ba₂HPO₄, Ba(H₂PO₄)₂, BaSO₄, Ba(CH₃COO)₂, BaCl₂, BaBr₂, Ba(NO₃)₂, Ba(ClO₄)₂, BaI₂, and Ba(SCN)₂. Particularly preferred are NH acetate, MgCl₂, KH₂PO₄, Na₂SO₄, KCl, NaCl, and CaCl₂, such as, for example, the chloride or acetate (trifluoroacetate) salts.

Generally, peptides and variants (at least those containing peptide linkages between amino acid residues) may be synthesized by the Fmoc-polyamide mode of solid-phase peptide synthesis as disclosed by Lukas et al. (Lukas et al., 1981) and by references as cited therein. Temporary N-amino group protection is afforded by the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. Repetitive cleavage of this highly base-labile protecting group is done using 20% piperidine in N, N-dimethylformamide. Side-chain functionalities may be protected as their butyl ethers (in the case of serine threonine and tyrosine), butyl esters (in the case of glutamic acid and aspartic acid), butyloxycarbonyl derivative (in the case of lysine and histidine), trityl derivative (in the case of cysteine) and 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl derivative (in the case of arginine). Where glutamine or asparagine are C-terminal residues, use is made of the 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl group for protection of the side chain amido functionalities. The solid-phase support is based on a polydimethyl-acrylamide polymer constituted from the three monomers dimethylacrylamide (backbone-monomer), bisacryloylethylene diamine (cross linker) and acryloylsarcosine methyl ester (functionalizing agent). The peptide-to-resin cleavable linked agent used is the acid-labile 4-hydroxymethyl-phenoxyacetic acid derivative. All amino acid derivatives are added as their preformed symmetrical anhydride derivatives with the exception of asparagine and glutamine, which are added using a reversed N, N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide/1 hydroxybenzotriazole mediated coupling procedure. All coupling and deprotection reactions are monitored using ninhydrin, trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or isotin test procedures. Upon completion of synthesis, peptides are cleaved from the resin support with concomitant removal of side-chain protecting groups by treatment with 95% trifluoroacetic acid containing a 50% scavenger mix. Scavengers commonly used include ethanedithiol, phenol, anisole and water, the exact choice depending on the constituent amino acids of the peptide being synthesized. Also a combination of solid phase and solution phase methodologies for the synthesis of peptides is possible (see, for example, (Bruckdorfer et al., 2004), and the references as cited therein).

Trifluoroacetic acid is removed by evaporation in vacuo, with subsequent trituration with diethyl ether affording the crude peptide. Any scavengers present are removed by a simple extraction procedure which on lyophilization of the aqueous phase affords the crude peptide free of scavengers. Reagents for peptide synthesis are generally available from e.g. Calbiochem-Novabiochem (Nottingham, UK).

Purification may be performed by any one, or a combination of, techniques such as re-crystallization, size exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and (usually) reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography using e.g. acetonitrile/water gradient separation.

Analysis of peptides may be carried out using thin layer chromatography, electrophoresis, in particular capillary electrophoresis, solid phase extraction (CSPE), reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino-acid analysis after acid hydrolysis and by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric analysis, as well as MALDI and ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometric analysis.

In order to select over-presented peptides, a presentation profile is calculated showing the median sample presentation as well as replicate variation. The profile juxtaposes samples of the tumor entity of interest to a baseline of normal tissue samples. Each of these profiles can then be consolidated into an over-presentation score by calculating the p-value of a Linear Mixed-Effects Model (Pinheiro et al., 2015) adjusting for multiple testing by False Discovery Rate (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995) (cf. Example 1, FIGS. 1A-1J).

For the identification and relative quantitation of HLA ligands by mass spectrometry, HLA molecules from shock-frozen tissue samples were purified and HLA-associated peptides were isolated. The isolated peptides were separated, and sequences were identified by online nano-electrospray-ionization (nanoESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments. The resulting peptide sequences were verified by comparison of the fragmentation pattern of natural tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) recorded from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples (N=263 samples) with the fragmentation patterns of corresponding synthetic reference peptides of identical sequences. Since the peptides were directly identified as ligands of HLA molecules of primary tumors, these results provide direct evidence for the natural processing and presentation of the identified peptides on primary cancer tissue obtained from 263 acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, and uterine and endometrial cancer patients.

The discovery pipeline XPRESIDENT® v2.1 (see, for example, US 2013-0096016, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) allows the identification and selection of relevant over-presented peptide vaccine candidates based on direct relative quantitation of HLA-restricted peptide levels on cancer tissues in comparison to several different non-cancerous tissues and organs. This was achieved by the development of label-free differential quantitation using the acquired LC-MS data processed by a proprietary data analysis pipeline, combining algorithms for sequence identification, spectral clustering, ion counting, retention time alignment, charge state deconvolution and normalization.

Presentation levels including error estimates for each peptide and sample were established. Peptides exclusively presented on tumor tissue and peptides over-presented in tumor versus non-cancerous tissues and organs have been identified.

HLA-peptide complexes from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer tissue samples were purified and HLA-associated peptides were isolated and analyzed by LC-MS (see example 1). All TUMAPs contained in the present application were identified with this approach on acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples confirming their presentation on acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

TUMAPs identified on multiple acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer and normal tissues were quantified using ion-counting of label-free LC-MS data. The method assumes that LC-MS signal areas of a peptide correlate with its abundance in the sample. All quantitative signals of a peptide in various LC-MS experiments were normalized based on central tendency, averaged per sample and merged into a bar plot, called presentation profile. The presentation profile consolidates different analysis methods like protein database search, spectral clustering, charge state deconvolution (decharging) and retention time alignment and normalization.

Besides over-presentation of the peptide, mRNA expression of the underlying gene was tested. mRNA data were obtained via RNASeq analyses of normal tissues and cancer tissues (cf. Example 2, FIGS. 2A-2Q). Peptides which are derived from proteins whose coding mRNA is highly expressed in cancer tissue, but very low or absent in vital normal tissues, were preferably included in the present invention.

The present invention provides peptides that are useful in treating cancers/tumors, preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer that over- or exclusively present the peptides of the invention. These peptides were shown by mass spectrometry to be naturally presented by HLA molecules on primary human acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples.

Many of the source gene/proteins (also designated “full-length proteins” or “underlying proteins”) from which the peptides are derived were shown to be highly over-expressed in cancer compared with normal tissues—“normal tissues” in relation to this invention shall mean either healthy blood cells, blood vessels, brain, heart, liver, lung, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, bile duct, bladder, bone marrow, esophagus, eye, gallbladder, head & neck, large intestine, small intestine, kidney, lymph node, peripheral nerve, pancreas, parathyroid gland, peritoneum, pituitary, pleura, skeletal muscle, skin, spleen, stomach, thyroid, trachea, ureter cells or other normal tissue cells, demonstrating a high degree of tumor association of the source genes (see Example 2). Moreover, the peptides themselves are strongly over-presented on tumor tissue—“tumor tissue” in relation to this invention shall mean a sample from a patient suffering from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, but not on normal tissues (see Example 1).

HLA-bound peptides can be recognized by the immune system, specifically T lymphocytes. T cells can destroy the cells presenting the recognized HLA/peptide complex, e.g. acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells presenting the derived peptides.

The peptides of the present invention have been shown to be capable of stimulating T cell responses and/or are over-presented and thus can be used for the production of antibodies and/or TCRs, such as soluble TCRs, according to the present invention (see Example 3, Example 4). Furthermore, the peptides when complexed with the respective MHC can be used for the production of antibodies and/or TCRs, in particular sTCRs, according to the present invention, as well. Respective methods are well known to the person of skill, and can be found in the respective literature as well (see also below). Thus, the peptides of the present invention are useful for generating an immune response in a patient by which tumor cells can be destroyed. An immune response in a patient can be induced by direct administration of the described peptides or suitable precursor substances (e.g. elongated peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids encoding these peptides) to the patient, ideally in combination with an agent enhancing the immunogenicity (i.e. an adjuvant). The immune response originating from such a therapeutic vaccination can be expected to be highly specific against tumor cells because the target peptides of the present invention are not presented on normal tissues in comparable copy numbers, preventing the risk of undesired autoimmune reactions against normal cells in the patient.

The present description further relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs) comprising an alpha chain and a beta chain (“alpha/beta TCRs”). Also provided are peptides according to the invention capable of binding to TCRs and antibodies when presented by an MHC molecule.

The present description also relates to fragments of the TCRs according to the invention that are capable of binding to a peptide antigen according to the present invention when presented by an HLA molecule. The term particularly relates to soluble TCR fragments, for example TCRs missing the transmembrane parts and/or constant regions, single chain TCRs, and fusions thereof to, for example, with Ig.

The present description also relates to nucleic acids, vectors and host cells for expressing TCRs and peptides of the present description; and methods of using the same.

The term “T-cell receptor” (abbreviated TCR) refers to a heterodimeric molecule comprising an alpha polypeptide chain (alpha chain) and a beta polypeptide chain (beta chain), wherein the heterodimeric receptor is capable of binding to a peptide antigen presented by an HLA molecule. The term also includes so-called gamma/delta TCRs.

In one embodiment the description provides a method of producing a TCR as described herein, the method comprising culturing a host cell capable of expressing the TCR under conditions suitable to promote expression of the TCR.

The description in another aspect relates to methods according to the description, wherein the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or artificial antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell or the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC tetramers by tetramerizing the antigen/class I or II MHC complex monomers.

The alpha and beta chains of alpha/beta TCR's, and the gamma and delta chains of gamma/delta TCRs, are generally regarded as each having two “domains”, namely variable and constant domains. The variable domain consists of a concatenation of variable region (V) and joining region (J). The variable domain may also include a leader region (L). Beta and delta chains may also include a diversity region (D). The alpha and beta constant domains may also include C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domains that anchor the alpha and beta chains to the cell membrane.

With respect to gamma/delta TCRs, the term “TCR gamma variable domain” as used herein refers to the concatenation of the TCR gamma V (TRGV) region without leader region (L), and the TCR gamma J (TRGJ) region, and the term TCR gamma constant domain refers to the extracellular TRGC region, or to a C-terminal truncated TRGC sequence. Likewise, the term “TCR delta variable domain” refers to the concatenation of the TCR delta V (TRDV) region without leader region (L) and the TCR delta D/J (TRDD/TRDJ) region, and the term “TCR delta constant domain” refers to the extracellular TRDC region, or to a C-terminal truncated TRDC sequence.

TCRs of the present description preferably bind to a peptide-HLA molecule complex with a binding affinity (KD) of about 100 μM or less, about 50 μM or less, about 25 μM or less, or about 10 μM or less. More preferred are high affinity TCRs having binding affinities of about 1 μM or less, about 100 nM or less, about 50 nM or less, about 25 nM or less. Non-limiting examples of preferred binding affinity ranges for TCRs of the present invention include about 1 nM to about 10 nM; about 10 nM to about 20 nM; about 20 nM to about 30 nM; about 30 nM to about 40 nM; about 40 nM to about 50 nM; about 50 nM to about 60 nM; about 60 nM to about 70 nM; about 70 nM to about 80 nM; about 80 nM to about 90 nM; and about 90 nM to about 100 nM.

As used herein in connect with TCRs of the present description, “specific binding” and grammatical variants thereof are used to mean a TCR having a binding affinity (KD) for a peptide-HLA molecule complex of 100 μM or less.

Alpha/beta heterodimeric TCRs of the present description may have an introduced disulfide bond between their constant domains. Preferred TCRs of this type include those which have a TRAC constant domain sequence and a TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence except that Thr 48 of TRAC and Ser 57 of TRBC1 or TRBC2 are replaced by cysteine residues, the said cysteines forming a disulfide bond between the TRAC constant domain sequence and the TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence of the TCR.

With or without the introduced inter-chain bond mentioned above, alpha/beta hetero-dimeric TCRs of the present description may have a TRAC constant domain sequence and a TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence, and the TRAC constant domain sequence and the TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence of the TCR may be linked by the native disulfide bond between Cys4 of exon 2 of TRAC and Cys2 of exon 2 of TRBC1 or TRBC2.

TCRs of the present description may comprise a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a radionuclide, a fluorophore and biotin. TCRs of the present description may be conjugated to a therapeutically active agent, such as a radionuclide, a chemotherapeutic agent, or a toxin.

In an embodiment, a TCR of the present description having at least one mutation in the alpha chain and/or having at least one mutation in the beta chain has modified glycosylation compared to the unmutated TCR.

In an embodiment, a TCR comprising at least one mutation in the TCR alpha chain and/or TCR beta chain has a binding affinity for, and/or a binding half-life for, a peptide-HLA molecule complex, which is at least double that of a TCR comprising the unmutated TCR alpha chain and/or unmutated TCR beta chain. Affinity-enhancement of tumor-specific TCRs, and its exploitation, relies on the existence of a window for optimal TCR affinities.

The existence of such a window is based on observations that TCRs specific for HLA-A-restricted pathogens have KD values that are generally about 10-fold lower when compared to TCRs specific for HLA-A-restricted tumor-associated self-antigens. It is now known, although tumor antigens have the potential to be immunogenic, because tumors arise from the individual's own cells only mutated proteins or proteins with altered translational processing will be seen as foreign by the immune system. Antigens that are upregulated or overexpressed (so called self-antigens) will not necessarily induce a functional immune response against the tumor: T-cells expressing TCRs that are highly reactive to these antigens will have been negatively selected within the thymus in a process known as central tolerance, meaning that only T-cells with low-affinity TCRs for self-antigens remain. Therefore, affinity of TCRs or variants of the present description to peptides can be enhanced by methods well known in the art.

The present description further relates to a method of identifying and isolating a TCR according to the present description, said method comprising incubating PBMCs from HLA-A*024-negative healthy donors with A24/peptide monomers, incubating the PBMCs with tetramer-phycoerythrin (PE) and isolating the high avidity T-cells by fluo-rescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-Calibur analysis.

The present description further relates to a method of identifying and isolating a TCR according to the present description, said method comprising obtaining a transgenic mouse with the entire human TCRαβ gene loci (1.1 and 0.7 Mb), whose T-cells express a diverse human TCR repertoire that compensates for mouse TCR deficiency, immunizing the mouse with a peptide, incubating PBMCs obtained from the transgenic mice with tetramer-phycoerythrin (PE), and isolating the high avidity T-cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-Calibur analysis.

In one aspect, in order to obtain T-cells expressing TCRs of the present description, nucleic acids encoding TCR-alpha and/or TCR-beta chains of the present description are cloned into expression vectors, such as gamma retrovirus or lentivirus. The recombinant viruses are generated and then tested for functionality, such as antigen specificity and functional avidity. An aliquot of the final product is then used to transduce the target T-cell population (generally purified from patient PBMCs), which is expanded before infusion into the patient.

In another aspect, to obtain T-cells expressing TCRs of the present description, TCR RNAs are synthesized by techniques known in the art, e.g., in vitro transcription sys-tems. The in vitro-synthesized TCR RNAs are then introduced into primary CD8+ T-cells obtained from healthy donors by electroporation to re-express tumor specific TCR-alpha and/or TCR-beta chains.

To increase the expression, nucleic acids encoding TCRs of the present description may be operably linked to strong promoters, such as retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs), cytomegalovirus (CMV), murine stem cell virus (MSCV) U3, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), β-actin, ubiquitin, and a simian virus 40 (SV40)/CD43 composite promoter, elongation factor (EF)-1a and the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) promoter. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is heterologous to the nucleic acid being expressed.

In addition to strong promoters, TCR expression cassettes of the present description may contain additional elements that can enhance transgene expression, including a central polypurine tract (cPPT), which promotes the nuclear translocation of lentiviral constructs (Follenzi et al., 2000), and the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (wPRE), which increases the level of transgene expression by increasing RNA stability (Zufferey et al., 1999).

The alpha and beta chains of a TCR of the present invention may be encoded by nucleic acids located in separate vectors, or may be encoded by polynucleotides located in the same vector.

Achieving high-level TCR surface expression requires that both the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the introduced TCR be transcribed at high levels. To do so, the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the present description may be cloned into bi-cistronic constructs in a single vector, which has been shown to be capable of over-coming this obstacle. The use of a viral intraribosomal entry site (IRES) between the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains results in the coordinated expression of both chains, because the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains are generated from a single transcript that is broken into two proteins during translation, ensuring that an equal molar ratio of TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains are produced (Schmitt et al., 2009).

Nucleic acids encoding TCRs of the present description may be codon optimized to increase expression from a host cell. Redundancy in the genetic code allows some amino acids to be encoded by more than one codon, but certain codons are less “optimal” than others because of the relative availability of matching tRNAs as well as other factors (Gustafsson et al., 2004). Modifying the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene sequences such that each amino acid is encoded by the optimal codon for mammalian gene expression, as well as eliminating mRNA instability motifs or cryptic splice sites, has been shown to significantly enhance TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene expression (Scholten et al., 2006).

Furthermore, mispairing between the introduced and endogenous TCR chains may result in the acquisition of specificities that pose a significant risk for autoimmunity. For example, the formation of mixed TCR dimers may reduce the number of CD3 molecules available to form properly paired TCR complexes, and therefore can significantly decrease the functional avidity of the cells expressing the introduced TCR (Kuball et al., 2007).

To reduce mispairing, the C-terminus domain of the introduced TCR chains of the present description may be modified in order to promote interchain affinity, while de-creasing the ability of the introduced chains to pair with the endogenous TCR. These strategies may include replacing the human TCR-alpha and TCR-beta C-terminus domains with their murine counterparts (murinized C-terminus domain); generating a second interchain disulfide bond in the C-terminus domain by introducing a second cysteine residue into both the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the introduced TCR (cysteine modification); swapping interacting residues in the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chain C-terminus domains (“knob-in-hole”); and fusing the variable domains of the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains directly to CD3 (CD3 fusion) (Schmitt et al., 2009).

In an embodiment, a host cell is engineered to express a TCR of the present description. In preferred embodiments, the host cell is a human T-cell or T-cell progenitor. In some embodiments the T-cell or T-cell progenitor is obtained from a cancer patient. In other embodiments the T-cell or T-cell progenitor is obtained from a healthy donor. Host cells of the present description can be allogeneic or autologous with respect to a patient to be treated. In one embodiment, the host is a gamma/delta T-cell transformed to express an alpha/beta TCR.

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a composition suitable for administration to a human being in a medical setting. Preferably, a pharmaceutical composition is sterile and produced according to GMP guidelines.

The pharmaceutical compositions comprise the peptides either in the free form or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (see also above). As used herein, “a pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a derivative of the disclosed peptides wherein the peptide is modified by making acid or base salts of the agent. For example, acid salts are prepared from the free base (typically wherein the neutral form of the drug has a neutral —NH₂ group) involving reaction with a suitable acid. Suitable acids for preparing acid salts include both organic acids, e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methane sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like, as well as inorganic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid phosphoric acid and the like. Conversely, preparation of basic salts of acid moieties which may be present on a peptide are prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, trimethylamine or the like.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the peptides as salts of acetic acid (acetates), trifluoro acetates or hydrochloric acid (chlorides).

Preferably, the medicament of the present invention is an immunotherapeutic such as a vaccine. It may be administered directly into the patient, into the affected organ or systemically i.d., i.m., s.c., i.p. and i.v., or applied ex vivo to cells derived from the patient or a human cell line which are subsequently administered to the patient or used in vitro to select a subpopulation of immune cells derived from the patient, which are then re-administered to the patient. If the nucleic acid is administered to cells in vitro, it may be useful for the cells to be transfected so as to co-express immune-stimulating cytokines, such as interleukin-2. The peptide may be substantially pure or combined with an immune-stimulating adjuvant (see below) or used in combination with immune-stimulatory cytokines, or be administered with a suitable delivery system, for example liposomes. The peptide may also be conjugated to a suitable carrier such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) or mannan (see WO 95/18145 and (Longenecker et al., 1993)). The peptide may also be tagged, may be a fusion protein, or may be a hybrid molecule. The peptides whose sequence is given in the present invention are expected to stimulate CD4 or CD8 T cells. However, stimulation of CD8 T cells is more efficient in the presence of help provided by CD4 T-helper cells. Thus, for MHC Class I epitopes that stimulate CD8 T cells the fusion partner or sections of a hybrid molecule suitably provide epitopes which stimulate CD4-positive T cells. CD4- and CD8-stimulating epitopes are well known in the art and include those identified in the present invention.

In one aspect, the vaccine comprises at least one peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464, and at least one additional peptide, preferably two to 50, more preferably two to 25, even more preferably two to 20 and most preferably two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen or eighteen peptides. The peptide(s) may be derived from one or more specific TAAs and may bind to MHC class I molecules.

A further aspect of the invention provides a nucleic acid (for example a polynucleotide) encoding a peptide or peptide variant of the invention. The polynucleotide may be, for example, DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof, either single- and/or double-stranded, or native or stabilized forms of polynucleotides, such as, for example, polynucleotides with a phosphorothioate backbone and it may or may not contain introns so long as it codes for the peptide. Of course, only peptides that contain naturally occurring amino acid residues joined by naturally occurring peptide bonds are encodable by a polynucleotide. A still further aspect of the invention provides an expression vector capable of expressing a polypeptide according to the invention.

A variety of methods have been developed to link polynucleotides, especially DNA, to vectors for example via complementary cohesive termini. For instance, complementary homopolymer tracts can be added to the DNA segment to be inserted to the vector DNA.

The vector and DNA segment are then joined by hydrogen bonding between the complementary homopolymeric tails to form recombinant DNA molecules.

Synthetic linkers containing one or more restriction sites provide an alternative method of joining the DNA segment to vectors. Synthetic linkers containing a variety of restriction endonuclease sites are commercially available from a number of sources including International Biotechnologies Inc. New Haven, Conn., USA.

A desirable method of modifying the DNA encoding the polypeptide of the invention employs the polymerase chain reaction as disclosed by Saiki R K, et al. (Saiki et al., 1988). This method may be used for introducing the DNA into a suitable vector, for example by engineering in suitable restriction sites, or it may be used to modify the DNA in other useful ways as is known in the art. If viral vectors are used, pox- or adenovirus vectors are preferred.

The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) may then be expressed in a suitable host to produce a polypeptide comprising the peptide or variant of the invention. Thus, the DNA encoding the peptide or variant of the invention may be used in accordance with known techniques, appropriately modified in view of the teachings contained herein, to construct an expression vector, which is then used to transform an appropriate host cell for the expression and production of the polypeptide of the invention. Such techniques include those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,440,859, 4,530,901, 4,582,800, 4,677,063, 4,678,751, 4,704,362, 4,710,463, 4,757,006, 4,766,075, and 4,810,648.

The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) encoding the polypeptide constituting the compound of the invention may be joined to a wide variety of other DNA sequences for introduction into an appropriate host. The companion DNA will depend upon the nature of the host, the manner of the introduction of the DNA into the host, and whether episomal maintenance or integration is desired.

Generally, the DNA is inserted into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, in proper orientation and correct reading frame for expression. If necessary, the DNA may be linked to the appropriate transcriptional and translational regulatory control nucleotide sequences recognized by the desired host, although such controls are generally available in the expression vector. The vector is then introduced into the host through standard techniques. Generally, not all of the hosts will be transformed by the vector. Therefore, it will be necessary to select for transformed host cells. One selection technique involves incorporating into the expression vector a DNA sequence, with any necessary control elements, that codes for a selectable trait in the transformed cell, such as antibiotic resistance.

Alternatively, the gene for such selectable trait can be on another vector, which is used to co-transform the desired host cell.

Host cells that have been transformed by the recombinant DNA of the invention are then cultured for a sufficient time and under appropriate conditions known to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings disclosed herein to permit the expression of the polypeptide, which can then be recovered.

Many expression systems are known, including bacteria (for example E. coli and Bacillus subtilis), yeasts (for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae), filamentous fungi (for example Aspergillus spec.), plant cells, animal cells and insect cells. Preferably, the system can be mammalian cells such as CHO cells available from the ATCC Cell Biology Collection.

A typical mammalian cell vector plasmid for constitutive expression comprises the CMV or SV40 promoter with a suitable poly A tail and a resistance marker, such as neomycin. One example is pSVL available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J., USA. An example of an inducible mammalian expression vector is pMSG, also available from Pharmacia. Useful yeast plasmid vectors are pRS403-406 and pRS413-416 and are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Plasmids pRS403, pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are Yeast Integrating plasmids (YIps) and incorporate the yeast selectable markers HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 and URA3. Plasmids pRS413-416 are Yeast Centromere plasmids (Ycps). CMV promoter-based vectors (for example from Sigma-Aldrich) provide transient or stable expression, cytoplasmic expression or secretion, and N-terminal or C-terminal tagging in various combinations of FLAG, 3×FLAG, c-myc or MAT. These fusion proteins allow for detection, purification and analysis of recombinant protein. Dual-tagged fusions provide flexibility in detection.

The strong human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter regulatory region drives constitutive protein expression levels as high as 1 mg/L in COS cells. For less potent cell lines, protein levels are typically ˜0.1 mg/L. The presence of the SV40 replication origin will result in high levels of DNA replication in SV40 replication permissive COS cells. CMV vectors, for example, can contain the pMB1 (derivative of pBR322) origin for replication in bacterial cells, the b-lactamase gene for ampicillin resistance selection in bacteria, hGH polyA, and the f1 origin. Vectors containing the pre-pro-trypsin leader (PPT) sequence can direct the secretion of FLAG fusion proteins into the culture medium for purification using ANTI-FLAG antibodies, resins, and plates. Other vectors and expression systems are well known in the art for use with a variety of host cells.

In another embodiment two or more peptides or peptide variants of the invention are encoded and thus expressed in a successive order (similar to “beads on a string” constructs). In doing so, the peptides or peptide variants may be linked or fused together by stretches of linker amino acids, such as for example LLLLLL, or may be linked without any additional peptide(s) between them. These constructs can also be used for cancer therapy and may induce immune responses both involving MHC I and MHC II.

The present invention also relates to a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide vector construct of the present invention. The host cell can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacterial cells may be preferred prokaryotic host cells in some circumstances and typically are a strain of E. coli such as, for example, the E. coli strains DH5 available from Bethesda Research Laboratories Inc., Bethesda, Md., USA, and RR1 available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of Rockville, Md., USA (No ATCC 31343). Preferred eukaryotic host cells include yeast, insect and mammalian cells, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human fibroblastic and colon cell lines. Yeast host cells include YPH499, YPH500 and YPH501, which are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Preferred mammalian host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells available from the ATCC as CCL61, NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells NIH/3T3 available from the ATCC as CRL 1658, monkey kidney-derived COS-1 cells available from the ATCC as CRL 1650 and 293 cells which are human embryonic kidney cells. Preferred insect cells are Sf9 cells which can be transfected with baculovirus expression vectors. An overview regarding the choice of suitable host cells for expression can be found in, for example, the textbook of Paulina Balbás and Argelia Lorence “Methods in Molecular Biology Recombinant Gene Expression, Reviews and Protocols,” Part One, Second Edition, ISBN 978-1-58829-262-9, and other literature known to the person of skill.

Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a DNA construct of the present invention is accomplished by well-known methods that typically depend on the type of vector used. With regard to transformation of prokaryotic host cells, see, for example, Cohen et al. (Cohen et al., 1972) and (Green and Sambrook, 2012). Transformation of yeast cells is described in Sherman et al. (Sherman et al., 1986). The method of Beggs (Beggs, 1978) is also useful. Regarding vertebrate cells, reagents useful in transfecting such cells, for example calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran or liposome formulations, are available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, or Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, Md. 20877, USA. Electroporation is also useful for transforming and/or transfecting cells and is well known in the art for transforming yeast cell, bacterial cells, insect cells and vertebrate cells.

Successfully transformed cells, i.e. cells that contain a DNA construct of the present invention, can be identified by well-known techniques such as PCR. Alternatively, the presence of the protein in the supernatant can be detected using antibodies.

It will be appreciated that certain host cells of the invention are useful in the preparation of the peptides of the invention, for example bacterial, yeast and insect cells. However, other host cells may be useful in certain therapeutic methods. For example, antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, may usefully be used to express the peptides of the invention such that they may be loaded into appropriate MHC molecules. Thus, the current invention provides a host cell comprising a nucleic acid or an expression vector according to the invention.

In a preferred embodiment the host cell is an antigen presenting cell, in particular a dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell. APCs loaded with a recombinant fusion protein containing prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Apr. 29, 2010, to treat asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic HRPC (Sipuleucel-T) (Rini et al., 2006; Small et al., 2006).

A further aspect of the invention provides a method of producing a peptide or its variant, the method comprising culturing a host cell and isolating the peptide from the host cell or its culture medium.

In another embodiment, the peptide, the nucleic acid or the expression vector of the invention are used in medicine. For example, the peptide or its variant may be prepared for intravenous (i.v.) injection, sub-cutaneous (s.c.) injection, intradermal (i.d.) injection, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, intramuscular (i.m.) injection. Preferred methods of peptide injection include s.c., i.d., i.p., i.m., and i.v. Preferred methods of DNA injection include i.d., i.m., s.c., i.p. and i.v. Doses of e.g. between 50 μg and 1.5 mg, preferably 125 μg to 500 μg, of peptide or DNA may be given and will depend on the respective peptide or DNA. Dosages of this range were successfully used in previous trials (Walter et al., 2012).

The polynucleotide used for active vaccination may be substantially pure or contained in a suitable vector or delivery system. The nucleic acid may be DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or a combination thereof. Methods for designing and introducing such a nucleic acid are well known in the art. An overview is provided by e.g. Teufel et al. (Teufel et al., 2005).

Polynucleotide vaccines are easy to prepare, but the mode of action of these vectors in inducing an immune response is not fully understood. Suitable vectors and delivery systems include viral DNA and/or RNA, such as systems based on adenovirus, vaccinia virus, retroviruses, herpes virus, adeno-associated virus or hybrids containing elements of more than one virus. Non-viral delivery systems include cationic lipids and cationic polymers and are well known in the art of DNA delivery. Physical delivery, such as via a “gene-gun” may also be used. The peptide or peptides encoded by the nucleic acid may be a fusion protein, for example with an epitope that stimulates T cells for the respective opposite CDR as noted above.

The medicament of the invention may also include one or more adjuvants. Adjuvants are substances that non-specifically enhance or potentiate the immune response (e.g., immune responses mediated by CD8-positive T cells and helper-T (TH) cells to an antigen and would thus be considered useful in the medicament of the present invention.

Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, 1018 ISS, aluminum salts, AMPLIVAX®, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, dSLIM, flagellin or TLR5 ligands derived from flagellin, FLT3 ligand, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod (ALDARA®), resiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, Interleukins as IL-2, IL-13, IL-21, Interferon-alpha or -beta, or pegylated derivatives thereof, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, ISCOMs, JuvImmune®, LipoVac, MALP2, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ONTAK, OspA, PepTel® vector system, poly(lactid co-glycolid) [PLG]-based and dextran microparticles, talactoferrin SRL172, Virosomes and other Virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, Aquila's QS21 stimulon, which is derived from saponin, mycobacterial extracts and synthetic bacterial cell wall mimics, and other proprietary adjuvants such as Ribi's Detox, Quil, or Superfos. Adjuvants such as Freund's or GM-CSF are preferred. Several immunological adjuvants (e.g., MF59) specific for dendritic cells and their preparation have been described previously (Allison and Krummel, 1995). Also cytokines may be used. Several cytokines have been directly linked to influencing dendritic cell migration to lymphoid tissues (e.g., TNF-), accelerating the maturation of dendritic cells into efficient antigen-presenting cells for T-lymphocytes (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-1 and IL-4) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,589, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and acting as immunoadjuvants (e.g., IL-12, IL-15, IL-23, IL-7, IFN-alpha. IFN-beta) (Gabrilovich et al., 1996).

CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides have also been reported to enhance the effects of adjuvants in a vaccine setting. Without being bound by theory, CpG oligonucleotides act by activating the innate (non-adaptive) immune system via Toll-like receptors (TLR), mainly TLR9. CpG triggered TLR9 activation enhances antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses to a wide variety of antigens, including peptide or protein antigens, live or killed viruses, dendritic cell vaccines, autologous cellular vaccines and polysaccharide conjugates in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. More importantly it enhances dendritic cell maturation and differentiation, resulting in enhanced activation of TH1 cells and strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) generation, even in the absence of CD4 T cell help. The TH1 bias induced by TLR9 stimulation is maintained even in the presence of vaccine adjuvants such as alum or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) that normally promote a TH2 bias. CpG oligonucleotides show even greater adjuvant activity when formulated or co-administered with other adjuvants or in formulations such as microparticles, nanoparticles, lipid emulsions or similar formulations, which are especially necessary for inducing a strong response when the antigen is relatively weak. They also accelerate the immune response and enable the antigen doses to be reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude, with comparable antibody responses to the full-dose vaccine without CpG in some experiments (Krieg, 2006). U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,705 B1 describes the combined use of CpG oligonucleotides, non-nucleic acid adjuvants and an antigen to induce an antigen-specific immune response. A CpG TLR9 antagonist is dSLIM (double Stem Loop Immunomodulator) by Mologen (Berlin, Germany) which is a preferred component of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Other TLR binding molecules such as RNA binding TLR 7, TLR 8 and/or TLR 9 may also be used.

Other examples for useful adjuvants include, but are not limited to chemically modified CpGs (e.g. CpR, Idera), dsRNA analogues such as Poly(I:C) and derivates thereof (e.g. AmpliGen®, Hiltonol®, poly-(ICLC), poly(IC-R), poly(I:C12U), non-CpG bacterial DNA or RNA as well as immunoactive small molecules and antibodies such as cyclophosphamide, sunitinib, Bevacizumab®, celebrex, NCX-4016, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, sorafenib, temozolomide, temsirolimus, XL-999, CP-547632, pazopanib, VEGF Trap, ZD2171, AZD2171, anti-CTLA4, other antibodies targeting key structures of the immune system (e.g. anti-CD40, anti-TGFbeta, anti-TNFalpha receptor) and SC58175, which may act therapeutically and/or as an adjuvant. The amounts and concentrations of adjuvants and additives useful in the context of the present invention can readily be determined by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation.

Preferred adjuvants are anti-CD40, imiquimod, resiquimod, GM-CSF, cyclophosphamide, sunitinib, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, CpG oligonucleotides and derivates, poly-(I:C) and derivates, RNA, sildenafil, and particulate formulations with PLG or virosomes.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of colony-stimulating factors, such as Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF, sargramostim), cyclophosphamide, imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon-alpha.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of colony-stimulating factors, such as Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF, sargramostim), cyclophosphamide, imiquimod and resiquimod. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, the adjuvant is cyclophosphamide, imiquimod or resiquimod. Even more preferred adjuvants are Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, poly-ICLC (Hiltonol®) and anti-CD40 mAB, or combinations thereof.

This composition is used for parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular or oral administration. For this, the peptides and optionally other molecules are dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable, preferably aqueous carrier. In addition, the composition can contain excipients, such as buffers, binding agents, blasting agents, diluents, flavors, lubricants, etc. The peptides can also be administered together with immune stimulating substances, such as cytokines. An extensive listing of excipients that can be used in such a composition, can be, for example, taken from A. Kibbe, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (Kibbe, 2000). The composition can be used for a prevention, prophylaxis and/or therapy of adenomatous or cancerous diseases. Exemplary formulations can be found in, for example, EP2112253.

It is important to realize that the immune response triggered by the vaccine according to the invention attacks the cancer in different cell-stages and different stages of development. Furthermore different cancer associated signaling pathways are attacked. This is an advantage over vaccines that address only one or few targets, which may cause the tumor to easily adapt to the attack (tumor escape). Furthermore, not all individual tumors express the same pattern of antigens. Therefore, a combination of several tumor-associated peptides ensures that every single tumor bears at least some of the targets. The composition is designed in such a way that each tumor is expected to express several of the antigens and cover several independent pathways necessary for tumor growth and maintenance. Thus, the vaccine can easily be used “off-the-shelf” for a larger patient population. This means that a pre-selection of patients to be treated with the vaccine can be restricted to HLA typing, does not require any additional biomarker assessments for antigen expression, but it is still ensured that several targets are simultaneously attacked by the induced immune response, which is important for efficacy (Banchereau et al., 2001; Walter et al., 2012).

As used herein, the term “scaffold” refers to a molecule that specifically binds to an (e.g. antigenic) determinant. In one embodiment, a scaffold is able to direct the entity to which it is attached (e.g. a (second) antigen binding moiety) to a target site, for example to a specific type of tumor cell or tumor stroma bearing the antigenic determinant (e.g. the complex of a peptide with MHC, according to the application at hand). In another embodiment a scaffold is able to activate signaling through its target antigen, for example a T cell receptor complex antigen. Scaffolds include but are not limited to antibodies and fragments thereof, antigen binding domains of an antibody, comprising an antibody heavy chain variable region and an antibody light chain variable region, binding proteins comprising at least one ankyrin repeat motif and single domain antigen binding (SDAB) molecules, aptamers, (soluble) TCRs and (modified) cells such as allogenic or autologous T cells. To assess whether a molecule is a scaffold binding to a target, binding assays can be performed.

“Specific” binding means that the scaffold binds the peptide-MHC-complex of interest better than other naturally occurring peptide-MHC-complexes, to an extent that a scaffold armed with an active molecule that is able to kill a cell bearing the specific target is not able to kill another cell without the specific target but presenting other peptide-MHC complex(es). Binding to other peptide-MHC complexes is irrelevant if the peptide of the cross-reactive peptide-MHC is not naturally occurring, i.e. not derived from the human HLA-peptidome. Tests to assess target cell killing are well known in the art. They should be performed using target cells (primary cells or cell lines) with unaltered peptide-MHC presentation, or cells loaded with peptides such that naturally occurring peptide-MHC levels are reached.

Each scaffold can comprise a labelling which provides that the bound scaffold can be detected by determining the presence or absence of a signal provided by the label. For example, the scaffold can be labelled with a fluorescent dye or any other applicable cellular marker molecule. Such marker molecules are well known in the art. For example a fluorescence-labelling, for example provided by a fluorescence dye, can provide a visualization of the bound aptamer by fluorescence or laser scanning microscopy or flow cytometry.

Each scaffold can be conjugated with a second active molecule such as for example IL-21, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28.

For further information on polypeptide scaffolds see for example the background section of WO 2014/071978A1 and the references cited therein.

The present invention further relates to aptamers. Aptamers (see for example WO 2014/191359 and the literature as cited therein) are short single-stranded nucleic acid molecules, which can fold into defined three-dimensional structures and recognize specific target structures. They have appeared to be suitable alternatives for developing targeted therapies. Aptamers have been shown to selectively bind to a variety of complex targets with high affinity and specificity.

Aptamers recognizing cell surface located molecules have been identified within the past decade and provide means for developing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Since aptamers have been shown to possess almost no toxicity and immunogenicity they are promising candidates for biomedical applications. Indeed aptamers, for example prostate-specific membrane-antigen recognizing aptamers, have been successfully employed for targeted therapies and shown to be functional in xenograft in vivo models. Furthermore, aptamers recognizing specific tumor cell lines have been identified.

DNA aptamers can be selected to reveal broad-spectrum recognition properties for various cancer cells, and particularly those derived from solid tumors, while non-tumorigenic and primary healthy cells are not recognized. If the identified aptamers recognize not only a specific tumor sub-type but rather interact with a series of tumors, this renders the aptamers applicable as so-called broad-spectrum diagnostics and therapeutics.

Further, investigation of cell-binding behavior with flow cytometry showed that the aptamers revealed very good apparent affinities that are within the nanomolar range.

Aptamers are useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Further, it could be shown that some of the aptamers are taken up by tumor cells and thus can function as molecular vehicles for the targeted delivery of anti-cancer agents such as siRNA into tumor cells.

Aptamers can be selected against complex targets such as cells and tissues and complexes of the peptides comprising, preferably consisting of, a sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO 1 to SEQ ID NO 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464, according to the invention at hand with the MHC molecule, using the cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) technique.

The peptides of the present invention can be used to generate and develop specific antibodies against MHC/peptide complexes. These can be used for therapy, targeting toxins or radioactive substances to the diseased tissue. Another use of these antibodies can be targeting radionuclides to the diseased tissue for imaging purposes such as PET. This use can help to detect small metastases or to determine the size and precise localization of diseased tissues.

Therefore, it is a further aspect of the invention to provide a method for producing a recombinant antibody specifically binding to a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with a HLA-restricted antigen (preferably a peptide according to the present invention), the method comprising: immunizing a genetically engineered non-human mammal comprising cells expressing said human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II with a soluble form of a MHC class I or II molecule being complexed with said HLA-restricted antigen; isolating mRNA molecules from antibody producing cells of said non-human mammal; producing a phage display library displaying protein molecules encoded by said mRNA molecules; and isolating at least one phage from said phage display library, said at least one phage displaying said antibody specifically binding to said human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with said HLA-restricted antigen.

It is thus a further aspect of the invention to provide an antibody that specifically binds to a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with an HLA-restricted antigen, wherein the antibody preferably is a polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody, bi-specific antibody and/or a chimeric antibody.

Respective methods for producing such antibodies and single chain class I major histocompatibility complexes, as well as other tools for the production of these antibodies are disclosed in WO 03/068201, WO 2004/084798, WO 01/72768, WO 03/070752, and in publications (Cohen et al., 2003a; Cohen et al., 2003b; Denkberg et al., 2003), which for the purposes of the present invention are all explicitly incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Preferably, the antibody is binding with a binding affinity of below 20 nanomolar, preferably of below 10 nanomolar, to the complex, which is also regarded as “specific” in the context of the present invention.

The present invention relates to a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464, or a variant thereof which is at least 88% homologous (preferably identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464 or a variant thereof that induces T cells cross-reacting with said peptide, wherein said peptide is not the underlying full-length polypeptide.

The present invention further relates to a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464 or a variant thereof which is at least 88% homologous (preferably identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464, wherein said peptide or variant has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred between 8 and 14 amino acids.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention that have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or -II.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention wherein the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention, wherein the peptide is (chemically) modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention, wherein the peptide is part of a fusion protein, in particular comprising N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii), or wherein the peptide is fused to (or into) an antibody, such as, for example, an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells.

The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid, encoding the peptides according to the invention, provided that the peptide is not the complete (full) human protein.

The present invention further relates to the nucleic acid according to the invention that is DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof.

The present invention further relates to an expression vector capable of expressing a nucleic acid according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a peptide according to the present invention, a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector according to the present invention for use in medicine, in particular in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention further relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention or an expression vector according to the invention.

The present invention further relates to the host cell according to the present invention that is an antigen presenting cell, and preferably a dendritic cell.

The present invention further relates to a method of producing a peptide according to the present invention, said method comprising culturing the host cell according to the present invention, and isolating the peptide from said host cell or its culture medium.

The present invention further relates to the method according to the present invention, where-in the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell.

The present invention further relates to the method according to the invention, wherein the antigen-presenting cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing said peptide containing SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464 or said variant amino acid sequence.

The present invention further relates to activated T cells, produced by the method according to the present invention, wherein said T cells selectively recognizes a cell which aberrantly expresses a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a method of killing target cells in a patient which target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to the use of any peptide described, a nucleic acid according to the present invention, an expression vector according to the present invention, a cell according to the present invention, or an activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte according to the present invention as a medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. The present invention further relates to a use according to the present invention, wherein the medicament is active against cancer.

The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein the medicament is a vaccine. The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein the medicament is active against cancer.

The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein said cancer cells are acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells or other solid or hematological tumor cells such as acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention further relates to particular marker proteins and biomarkers based on the peptides according to the present invention, herein called “targets” that can be used in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer. The present invention also relates to the use of these novel targets for cancer treatment.

The term “antibody” or “antibodies” is used herein in a broad sense and includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact or “full” immunoglobulin molecules, also included in the term “antibodies” are fragments (e.g. CDRs, Fv, Fab and Fc fragments) or polymers of those immunoglobulin molecules and humanized versions of immunoglobulin molecules, as long as they exhibit any of the desired properties (e.g., specific binding of an acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker (poly)peptide, delivery of a toxin to an acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cell expressing a cancer marker gene at an increased level, and/or inhibiting the activity of an acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker polypeptide) according to the invention.

Whenever possible, the antibodies of the invention may be purchased from commercial sources. The antibodies of the invention may also be generated using well-known methods. The skilled artisan will understand that either full length acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker polypeptides or fragments thereof may be used to generate the antibodies of the invention. A polypeptide to be used for generating an antibody of the invention may be partially or fully purified from a natural source or may be produced using recombinant DNA techniques.

For example, a cDNA encoding a peptide according to the present invention, such as a peptide according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464 polypeptide, or a variant or fragment thereof, can be expressed in prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) or eukaryotic cells (e.g., yeast, insect, or mammalian cells), after which the recombinant protein can be purified and used to generate a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody preparation that specifically bind the acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker polypeptide used to generate the antibody according to the invention.

One of skill in the art will realize that the generation of two or more different sets of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies maximizes the likelihood of obtaining an antibody with the specificity and affinity required for its intended use (e.g., ELISA, immunohistochemistry, in vivo imaging, immunotoxin therapy). The antibodies are tested for their desired activity by known methods, in accordance with the purpose for which the antibodies are to be used (e.g., ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunotherapy, etc.; for further guidance on the generation and testing of antibodies, see, e.g., Greenfield, 2014 (Greenfield, 2014)). For example, the antibodies may be tested in ELISA assays or, Western blots, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed cancers or frozen tissue sections. After their initial in vitro characterization, antibodies intended for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic use are tested according to known clinical testing methods.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, i.e.; the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired antagonistic activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety).

Monoclonal antibodies of the invention may be prepared using hybridoma methods. In a hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent. Alternatively, the lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro.

The monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).

In vitro methods are also suitable for preparing monovalent antibodies. Digestion of antibodies to produce fragments thereof, particularly Fab fragments, can be accomplished using routine techniques known in the art. For instance, digestion can be performed using papain. Examples of papain digestion are described in WO 94/29348 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,566. Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two identical antigen binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each with a single antigen binding site, and a residual Fc fragment. Pepsin treatment yields a F(ab′)₂ fragment and a pFc′ fragment.

The antibody fragments, whether attached to other sequences or not, can also include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the non-modified antibody or antibody fragment. These modifications can provide for some additional property, such as to remove/add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, to alter its secretory characteristics, etc. In any case, the antibody fragment must possess a bioactive property, such as binding activity, regulation of binding at the binding domain, etc. Functional or active regions of the antibody may be identified by mutagenesis of a specific region of the protein, followed by expression and testing of the expressed polypeptide. Such methods are readily apparent to a skilled practitioner in the art and can include site-specific mutagenesis of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody fragment.

The antibodies of the invention may further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies. Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab′ or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.

Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.

Transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production can be employed. For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy chain joining region gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. Human antibodies can also be produced in phage display libraries.

Antibodies of the invention are preferably administered to a subject in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Typically, an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is used in the formulation to render the formulation isotonic. Examples of the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier include saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. The pH of the solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably from about 7 to about 7.5. Further carriers include sustained release preparations such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, liposomes or microparticles. It will be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that certain carriers may be more preferable depending upon, for instance, the route of administration and concentration of antibody being administered.

The antibodies can be administered to the subject, patient, or cell by injection (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular), or by other methods such as infusion that ensure its delivery to the bloodstream in an effective form. The antibodies may also be administered by intratumoral or peritumoral routes, to exert local as well as systemic therapeutic effects. Local or intravenous injection is preferred.

Effective dosages and schedules for administering the antibodies may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage of antibodies that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the subject that will receive the antibody, the route of administration, the particular type of antibody used, and other drugs being administered. A typical daily dosage of the antibody used alone might range from about 1 (μg/kg to up to 100 mg/kg of body weight or more per day, depending on the factors mentioned above. Following administration of an antibody, preferably for treating acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, the efficacy of the therapeutic antibody can be assessed in various ways well known to the skilled practitioner. For instance, the size, number, and/or distribution of cancer in a subject receiving treatment may be monitored using standard tumor imaging techniques. A therapeutically-administered antibody that arrests tumor growth, results in tumor shrinkage, and/or prevents the development of new tumors, compared to the disease course that would occurs in the absence of antibody administration, is an efficacious antibody for treatment of cancer.

It is a further aspect of the invention to provide a method for producing a soluble T-cell receptor (sTCR) recognizing a specific peptide-MHC complex. Such soluble T-cell receptors can be generated from specific T-cell clones, and their affinity can be increased by mutagenesis targeting the complementarity-determining regions. For the purpose of T-cell receptor selection, phage display can be used (US 2010/0113300, (Liddy et al., 2012)). For the purpose of stabilization of T-cell receptors during phage display and in case of practical use as drug, alpha and beta chain can be linked e.g. by non-native disulfide bonds, other covalent bonds (single-chain T-cell receptor), or by dimerization domains (Boulter et al., 2003; Card et al., 2004; Willcox et al., 1999). The T-cell receptor can be linked to toxins, drugs, cytokines (see, for example, US 2013/0115191), and domains recruiting effector cells such as an anti-CD3 domain, etc., in order to execute particular functions on target cells. Moreover, it could be expressed in T cells used for adoptive transfer. Further information can be found in WO 2004/033685A1 and WO 2004/074322A1. A combination of sTCRs is described in WO 2012/056407A1. Further methods for the production are disclosed in WO 2013/057586A1.

In addition, the peptides and/or the TCRs or antibodies or other binding molecules of the present invention can be used to verify a pathologist's diagnosis of a cancer based on a biopsied sample.

The antibodies or TCRs may also be used for in vivo diagnostic assays. Generally, the antibody is labeled with a radionucleotide (such as ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹⁴C, ¹³¹I, ³H, ³²P or ³⁵S) SO that the tumor can be localized using immunoscintiography. In one embodiment, antibodies or fragments thereof bind to the extracellular domains of two or more targets of a protein selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned proteins, and the affinity value (Kd) is less than 1×10 μM.

Antibodies for diagnostic use may be labeled with probes suitable for detection by various imaging methods. Methods for detection of probes include, but are not limited to, fluorescence, light, confocal and electron microscopy; magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy; fluoroscopy, computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Suitable probes include, but are not limited to, fluorescein, rhodamine, eosin and other fluorophores, radioisotopes, gold, gadolinium and other lanthanides, paramagnetic iron, fluorine-18 and other positron-emitting radionuclides. Additionally, probes may be bi- or multi-functional and be detectable by more than one of the methods listed. These antibodies may be directly or indirectly labeled with said probes. Attachment of probes to the antibodies includes covalent attachment of the probe, incorporation of the probe into the antibody, and the covalent attachment of a chelating compound for binding of probe, amongst others well recognized in the art. For immunohistochemistry, the disease tissue sample may be fresh or frozen or may be embedded in paraffin and fixed with a preservative such as formalin. The fixed or embedded section contains the sample are contacted with a labeled primary antibody and secondary antibody, wherein the antibody is used to detect the expression of the proteins in situ.

Another aspect of the present invention includes an in vitro method for producing activated T cells, the method comprising contacting in vitro T cells with antigen loaded human MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell for a period of time sufficient to activate the T cell in an antigen specific manner, wherein the antigen is a peptide according to the invention. Preferably a sufficient amount of the antigen is used with an antigen-presenting cell.

Preferably the mammalian cell lacks or has a reduced level or function of the TAP peptide transporter. Suitable cells that lack the TAP peptide transporter include T2, RMA-S and Drosophila cells. TAP is the transporter associated with antigen processing.

The human peptide loading deficient cell line T2 is available from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA under Catalogue No CRL 1992; the Drosophila cell line Schneider line 2 is available from the ATCC under Catalogue No CRL 19863; the mouse RMA-S cell line is described in Ljunggren et al. (Ljunggren and Karre, 1985).

Preferably, before transfection the host cell expresses substantially no MHC class I molecules. It is also preferred that the stimulator cell expresses a molecule important for providing a co-stimulatory signal for T-cells such as any of B7.1, B7.2, ICAM-1 and LFA 3. The nucleic acid sequences of numerous MHC class I molecules and of the co-stimulator molecules are publicly available from the GenBank and EMBL databases.

In case of an MHC class I epitope being used as an antigen; the T cells are CD8-positive T cells.

If an antigen-presenting cell is transfected to express such an epitope, preferably the cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing a peptide containing SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464, or a variant amino acid sequence thereof.

A number of other methods may be used for generating T cells in vitro. For example, autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can be used in the generation of CTL. Plebanski et al. (Plebanski et al., 1995) made use of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PLBs) in the preparation of T cells. Furthermore, the production of autologous T cells by pulsing dendritic cells with peptide or polypeptide, or via infection with recombinant virus is possible. Also, B cells can be used in the production of autologous T cells. In addition, macrophages pulsed with peptide or polypeptide, or infected with recombinant virus, may be used in the preparation of autologous T cells. S. Walter et al. (Walter et al., 2003) describe the in vitro priming of T cells by using artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs), which is also a suitable way for generating T cells against the peptide of choice. In the present invention, aAPCs were generated by the coupling of preformed MHC:peptide complexes to the surface of polystyrene particles (microbeads) by biotin:streptavidin biochemistry. This system permits the exact control of the MHC density on aAPCs, which allows to selectively elicit high- or low-avidity antigen-specific T cell responses with high efficiency from blood samples. Apart from MHC:peptide complexes, aAPCs should carry other proteins with co-stimulatory activity like anti-CD28 antibodies coupled to their surface. Furthermore such aAPC-based systems often require the addition of appropriate soluble factors, e.g. cytokines, like interleukin-12.

Allogeneic cells may also be used in the preparation of T cells and a method is described in detail in WO 97/26328, incorporated herein by reference. For example, in addition to Drosophila cells and T2 cells, other cells may be used to present antigens such as CHO cells, baculovirus-infected insect cells, bacteria, yeast, and vaccinia-infected target cells. In addition plant viruses may be used (see, for example, Porta et al. (Porta et al., 1994) which describes the development of cowpea mosaic virus as a high-yielding system for the presentation of foreign peptides.

The activated T cells that are directed against the peptides of the invention are useful in therapy. Thus, a further aspect of the invention provides activated T cells obtainable by the foregoing methods of the invention.

Activated T cells, which are produced by the above method, will selectively recognize a cell that aberrantly expresses a polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 387 and SEQ ID No. 463 to SEQ ID No. 464.

Preferably, the T cell recognizes the cell by interacting through its TCR with the HLA/peptide-complex (for example, binding). The T cells are useful in a method of killing target cells in a patient whose target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of the invention wherein the patient is administered an effective number of the activated T cells. The T cells that are administered to the patient may be derived from the patient and activated as described above (i.e. they are autologous T cells). Alternatively, the T cells are not from the patient but are from another individual. Of course, it is preferred if the individual is a healthy individual. By “healthy individual” the inventors mean that the individual is generally in good health, preferably has a competent immune system and, more preferably, is not suffering from any disease that can be readily tested for and detected.

In vivo, the target cells for the CD8-positive T cells according to the present invention can be cells of the tumor (which sometimes express MHC class II) and/or stromal cells surrounding the tumor (tumor cells) (which sometimes also express MHC class II; (Dengjel et al., 2006)).

The T cells of the present invention may be used as active ingredients of a therapeutic composition. Thus, the invention also provides a method of killing target cells in a patient whose target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of the invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as defined above.

By “aberrantly expressed” the inventors also mean that the polypeptide is over-expressed compared to levels of expression in normal tissues or that the gene is silent in the tissue from which the tumor is derived but in the tumor it is expressed. By “over-expressed” the inventors mean that the polypeptide is present at a level at least 1.2-fold of that present in normal tissue; preferably at least 2-fold, and more preferably at least 5-fold or 10-fold the level present in normal tissue.

T cells may be obtained by methods known in the art, e.g. those described above.

Protocols for this so-called adoptive transfer of T cells are well known in the art. Reviews can be found in: Gattioni et al. and Morgan et al. (Gattinoni et al., 2006; Morgan et al., 2006).

Another aspect of the present invention includes the use of the peptides complexed with MHC to generate a T-cell receptor whose nucleic acid is cloned and is introduced into a host cell, preferably a T cell. This engineered T cell can then be transferred to a patient for therapy of cancer.

Any molecule of the invention, i.e. the peptide, nucleic acid, antibody, expression vector, cell, activated T cell, T-cell receptor or the nucleic acid encoding it, is useful for the treatment of disorders, characterized by cells escaping an immune response. Therefore any molecule of the present invention may be used as medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. The molecule may be used by itself or combined with other molecule(s) of the invention or (a) known molecule(s).

The present invention is further directed at a kit comprising:

(a) a container containing a pharmaceutical composition as described above, in solution or in lyophilized form; (b) optionally a second container containing a diluent or reconstituting solution for the lyophilized formulation; and (c) optionally, instructions for (i) use of the solution or (ii) reconstitution and/or use of the lyophilized formulation.

The kit may further comprise one or more of (iii) a buffer, (iv) a diluent, (v) a filter, (vi) a needle, or (v) a syringe. The container is preferably a bottle, a vial, a syringe or test tube; and it may be a multi-use container. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably lyophilized.

Kits of the present invention preferably comprise a lyophilized formulation of the present invention in a suitable container and instructions for its reconstitution and/or use. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials (e.g. dual chamber vials), syringes (such as dual chamber syringes) and test tubes. The container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. Preferably the kit and/or container contain/s instructions on or associated with the container that indicates directions for reconstitution and/or use. For example, the label may indicate that the lyophilized formulation is to be reconstituted to peptide concentrations as described above. The label may further indicate that the formulation is useful or intended for subcutaneous administration.

The container holding the formulation may be a multi-use vial, which allows for repeat administrations (e.g., from 2-6 administrations) of the reconstituted formulation. The kit may further comprise a second container comprising a suitable diluent (e.g., sodium bicarbonate solution).

Upon mixing of the diluent and the lyophilized formulation, the final peptide concentration in the reconstituted formulation is preferably at least 0.15 mg/mL/peptide (=75 μg) and preferably not more than 3 mg/mL/peptide (=1500 μg). The kit may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

Kits of the present invention may have a single container that contains the formulation of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention with or without other components (e.g., other compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of these other compounds) or may have distinct container for each component.

Preferably, kits of the invention include a formulation of the invention packaged for use in combination with the co-administration of a second compound (such as adjuvants (e.g. GM-CSF), a chemotherapeutic agent, a natural product, a hormone or antagonist, an anti-angiogenesis agent or inhibitor, an apoptosis-inducing agent or a chelator) or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. The components of the kit may be pre-complexed, or each component may be in a separate distinct container prior to administration to a patient. The components of the kit may be provided in one or more liquid solutions, preferably, an aqueous solution, more preferably, a sterile aqueous solution. The components of the kit may also be provided as solids, which may be converted into liquids by addition of suitable solvents, which are preferably provided in another distinct container.

The container of a therapeutic kit may be a vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe, or any other means of enclosing a solid or liquid. Usually, when there is more than one component, the kit will contain a second vial or other container, which allows for separate dosing. The kit may also contain another container for a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid. Preferably, a therapeutic kit will contain an apparatus (e.g., one or more needles, syringes, eye droppers, pipette, etc.), which enables administration of the agents of the invention that are components of the present kit.

The present formulation is one that is suitable for administration of the peptides by any acceptable route such as oral (enteral), nasal, ophthal, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous or transdermal. Preferably, the administration is s.c., and most preferably i.d. administration may be by infusion pump.

Since the peptides of the invention were isolated from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, the medicament of the invention is preferably used to treat acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention further relates to a method for producing a personalized pharmaceutical for an individual patient comprising manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one peptide selected from a warehouse of pre-screened TUMAPs, wherein the at least one peptide used in the pharmaceutical composition is selected for suitability in the individual patient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccine. The method could also be adapted to produce T cell clones for down-stream applications, such as TCR isolations, or soluble antibodies, and other treatment options.

A “personalized pharmaceutical” shall mean specifically tailored therapies for one individual patient that will only be used for therapy in such individual patient, including actively personalized cancer vaccines and adoptive cellular therapies using autologous patient tissue.

As used herein, the term “warehouse” shall refer to a group or set of peptides that have been pre-screened for immunogenicity and/or over-presentation in a particular tumor type. The term “warehouse” is not intended to imply that the particular peptides included in the vaccine have been pre-manufactured and stored in a physical facility, although that possibility is contemplated. It is expressly contemplated that the peptides may be manufactured de novo for each individualized vaccine produced or may be pre-manufactured and stored. The warehouse (e.g. in the form of a database) is composed of tumor-associated peptides which were highly overexpressed in the tumor tissue of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer patients with various HLA-A HLA-B and HLA-C alleles. It may contain MHC class I and MHC class II peptides or elongated MHC class I peptides. In addition to the tumor associated peptides collected from several acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer tissues, the warehouse may contain HLA-A*02, HLA-A*01, HLA-A*03, HLA-A*24, HLA-B*07, HLA-B*08 and HLA-B*44 marker peptides. These peptides allow comparison of the magnitude of T-cell immunity induced by TUMAPS in a quantitative manner and hence allow important conclusion to be drawn on the capacity of the vaccine to elicit anti-tumor responses. Secondly, they function as important positive control peptides derived from a “non-self” antigen in the case that any vaccine-induced T-cell responses to TUMAPs derived from “self” antigens in a patient are not observed. And thirdly, it may allow conclusions to be drawn, regarding the status of immunocompetence of the patient.

TUMAPs for the warehouse are identified by using an integrated functional genomics approach combining gene expression analysis, mass spectrometry, and T-cell immunology (XPresident®). The approach assures that only TUMAPs truly present on a high percentage of tumors but not or only minimally expressed on normal tissue, are chosen for further analysis. For initial peptide selection, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples from patients and blood from healthy donors were analyzed in a stepwise approach:

1. HLA ligands from the malignant material were identified by mass spectrometry 2. Genome-wide messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression analysis was used to identify genes over-expressed in the malignant tissue acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer) compared with a range of normal organs and tissues 3. Identified HLA ligands were compared to gene expression data. Peptides over-presented or selectively presented on tumor tissue, preferably encoded by selectively expressed or over-expressed genes as detected in step 2 were considered suitable TUMAP candidates for a multi-peptide vaccine. 4. Literature research was performed in order to identify additional evidence supporting the relevance of the identified peptides as TUMAPs 5. The relevance of over-expression at the mRNA level was confirmed by redetection of selected TUMAPs from step 3 on tumor tissue and lack of (or infrequent) detection on healthy tissues. 6. In order to assess, whether an induction of in vivo T-cell responses by the selected peptides may be feasible, in vitro immunogenicity assays were performed using human T cells from healthy donors as well as from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer patients.

In an aspect, the peptides are pre-screened for immunogenicity before being included in the warehouse. By way of example, and not limitation, the immunogenicity of the peptides included in the warehouse is determined by a method comprising in vitro T-cell priming through repeated stimulations of CD8+ T cells from healthy donors with artificial antigen presenting cells loaded with peptide/MHC complexes and anti-CD28 antibody.

This method is preferred for rare cancers and patients with a rare expression profile. In contrast to multi-peptide cocktails with a fixed composition as currently developed, the warehouse allows a significantly higher matching of the actual expression of antigens in the tumor with the vaccine. Selected single or combinations of several “off-the-shelf” peptides will be used for each patient in a multitarget approach. In theory an approach based on selection of e.g. 5 different antigenic peptides from a library of 50 would already lead to approximately 17 million possible drug product (DP) compositions.

In an aspect, the peptides are selected for inclusion in the vaccine based on their suitability for the individual patient based on the method according to the present invention as described herein, or as below.

The HLA phenotype, transcriptomic and peptidomic data is gathered from the patient's tumor material, and blood samples to identify the most suitable peptides for each patient containing “warehouse” and patient-unique (i.e. mutated) TUMAPs. Those peptides will be chosen, which are selectively or over-expressed in the patients' tumor and, where possible, show strong in vitro immunogenicity if tested with the patients' individual PBMCs.

Preferably, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by a method comprising: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient; (b) comparing the peptides identified in (a) with a warehouse (database) of peptides as described above; and (c) selecting at least one peptide from the warehouse (database) that correlates with a tumor-associated peptide identified in the patient. For example, the TUMAPs presented by the tumor sample are identified by: (al) comparing expression data from the tumor sample to expression data from a sample of normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample to identify proteins that are over-expressed or aberrantly expressed in the tumor sample; and (a2) correlating the expression data with sequences of MHC ligands bound to MHC class I and/or class II molecules in the tumor sample to identify MHC ligands derived from proteins over-expressed or aberrantly expressed by the tumor. Preferably, the sequences of MHC ligands are identified by eluting bound peptides from MHC molecules isolated from the tumor sample and sequencing the eluted ligands. Preferably, the tumor sample and the normal tissue are obtained from the same patient.

In addition to, or as an alternative to, selecting peptides using a warehousing (database) model, TUMAPs may be identified in the patient de novo, and then included in the vaccine. As one example, candidate TUMAPs may be identified in the patient by (al) comparing expression data from the tumor sample to expression data from a sample of normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample to identify proteins that are over-expressed or aberrantly expressed in the tumor sample; and (a2) correlating the expression data with sequences of MHC ligands bound to MHC class I and/or class II molecules in the tumor sample to identify MHC ligands derived from proteins over-expressed or aberrantly expressed by the tumor. As another example, proteins may be identified containing mutations that are unique to the tumor sample relative to normal corresponding tissue from the individual patient, and TUMAPs can be identified that specifically target the mutation. For example, the genome of the tumor and of corresponding normal tissue can be sequenced by whole genome sequencing: For discovery of non-synonymous mutations in the protein-coding regions of genes, genomic DNA and RNA are extracted from tumor tissues and normal non-mutated genomic germline DNA is extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The applied NGS approach is confined to the re-sequencing of protein coding regions (exome re-sequencing). For this purpose, exonic DNA from human samples is captured using vendor-supplied target enrichment kits, followed by sequencing with e.g. a HiSeq2000 (Illumina). Additionally, tumor mRNA is sequenced for direct quantification of gene expression and validation that mutated genes are expressed in the patients' tumors. The resultant millions of sequence reads are processed through software algorithms. The output list contains mutations and gene expression. Tumor-specific somatic mutations are determined by comparison with the PBMC-derived germline variations and prioritized. The de novo identified peptides can then be tested for immunogenicity as described above for the warehouse, and candidate TUMAPs possessing suitable immunogenicity are selected for inclusion in the vaccine.

In one exemplary embodiment, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient by the method as described above; (b) comparing the peptides identified in a) with a warehouse of peptides that have been prescreened for immunogenicity and overpresentation in tumors as compared to corresponding normal tissue; (c) selecting at least one peptide from the warehouse that correlates with a tumor-associated peptide identified in the patient; and (d) optionally, selecting at least one peptide identified de novo in (a) confirming its immunogenicity.

In one exemplary embodiment, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient; and (b) selecting at least one peptide identified de novo in (a) and confirming its immunogenicity.

Once the peptides for a personalized peptide-based vaccine are selected, the vaccine is produced. The vaccine preferably is a liquid formulation consisting of the individual peptides dissolved in between 20-40% DMSO, preferably about 30-35% DMSO, such as about 33% DMSO.

Each peptide to be included into a product is dissolved in DMSO. The concentration of the single peptide solutions has to be chosen depending on the number of peptides to be included into the product. The single peptide-DMSO solutions are mixed in equal parts to achieve a solution containing all peptides to be included in the product with a concentration of ˜2.5 mg/ml per peptide. The mixed solution is then diluted 1:3 with water for injection to achieve a concentration of 0.826 mg/ml per peptide in 33% DMSO. The diluted solution is filtered through a 0.22 μm sterile filter. The final bulk solution is obtained.

Final bulk solution is filled into vials and stored at −20° C. until use. One vial contains 700 μL solution, containing 0.578 mg of each peptide. Of this, 500 μL (approx. 400 μg per peptide) will be applied for intradermal injection.

In addition to being useful for treating cancer, the peptides of the present invention are also useful as diagnostics. Since the peptides were generated from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells and since it was determined that these peptides are not or at lower levels present in normal tissues, these peptides can be used to diagnose the presence of a cancer.

The presence of claimed peptides on tissue biopsies in blood samples can assist a pathologist in diagnosis of cancer. Detection of certain peptides by means of antibodies, mass spectrometry or other methods known in the art can tell the pathologist that the tissue sample is malignant or inflamed or generally diseased, or can be used as a biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer. Presence of groups of peptides can enable classification or sub-classification of diseased tissues.

The detection of peptides on diseased tissue specimen can enable the decision about the benefit of therapies involving the immune system, especially if T-lymphocytes are known or expected to be involved in the mechanism of action. Loss of MHC expression is a well described mechanism by which infected of malignant cells escape immuno-surveillance. Thus, presence of peptides shows that this mechanism is not exploited by the analyzed cells.

The peptides of the present invention might be used to analyze lymphocyte responses against those peptides such as T cell responses or antibody responses against the peptide or the peptide complexed to MHC molecules. These lymphocyte responses can be used as prognostic markers for decision on further therapy steps. These responses can also be used as surrogate response markers in immunotherapy approaches aiming to induce lymphocyte responses by different means, e.g. vaccination of protein, nucleic acids, autologous materials, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. In gene therapy settings, lymphocyte responses against peptides can be considered in the assessment of side effects. Monitoring of lymphocyte responses might also be a valuable tool for follow-up examinations of transplantation therapies, e.g. for the detection of graft versus host and host versus graft diseases.

The present invention will now be described in the following examples which describe preferred embodiments thereof, and with reference to the accompanying figures, nevertheless, without being limited thereto. For the purposes of the present invention, all references as cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIGURES

FIGS. 1A through 1J show the over-presentation of various peptides in different cancer tissues (black dots). Upper part: Median MS signal intensities from technical replicate measurements are plotted as dots for single HLA-A*24 positive normal (grey dots, left part of figure) and tumor samples (black dots, right part of figure) on which the peptide was detected. Boxes display median, 25th and 75th percentile of normalized signal intensities, while whiskers extend to the lowest data point still within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the lower quartile, and the highest data point still within 1.5 IQR of the upper quartile. Normal organs are ordered according to risk categories (blood cells, blood vessels, brain, liver, lung: high risk, grey dots; reproductive organs, breast, prostate: low risk, grey dots; all other organs: medium risk; grey dots). Lower part: The relative peptide detection frequency in every organ is shown as spine plot. Numbers below the panel indicate number of samples on which the peptide was detected out of the total number of samples analyzed for each organ (N=75 for normal samples, N=263 for tumor samples). If the peptide has been detected on a sample but could not be quantified for technical reasons, the sample is included in this representation of detection frequency, but no dot is shown in the upper part of the figure. Tissues (from left to right): Normal samples: blood cells; bloodvess (blood vessels); brain; heart; liver; lung; adrenal gl (adrenal gland); bile duct; gall bl (gallbladder); intest. la (large intestine); intest. sm (small intestine); kidney; nerve perith (peripheral nerve); pancreas; pituit (pituitary); skin; spinal cord; spleen; stomach; thyroid. Tumor samples: AML (acute myeloid leukemia); BRCA (breast cancer); CCC (cholangiocellular carcinoma); CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia); CRC (colorectal cancer); GBC (gallbladder cancer); GBM (glioblastoma); GC (gastric cancer); HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma); HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma); MEL (melanoma); NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma); NSCLCadeno (non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma); NSCLCother (NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam); NSCLCsquam (squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer); OC (ovarian cancer); OSCAR (esophageal cancer); PACA (pancreatic cancer); PRCA (prostate cancer); RCC (renal cell carcinoma); SCLC (small cell lung cancer); UBC (urinary bladder carcinoma); UEC (uterine and endometrial cancer). FIG. 1A) Gene symbol: SLC6A3, Peptide: FMVIAGMPLF (SEQ ID NO.: 15), FIG. 1B) Gene symbol: KLHDC7B, Peptide: RYSPVKDAW (SEQ ID NO.: 60), FIG. 1C) Gene symbol: CAPN6, Peptide: NYVLVPTMF (SEQ ID NO.: 74), FIG. 1D) Gene symbol: SYT12, Peptide: SYLPTAERL (SEQ ID NO.: 86), FIG. 1E) Gene symbol: PTPRZ1, Peptide: VYDTMIEKFA (SEQ ID NO.: 202), FIG. 1F) Gene symbol: PTPRZ1, Peptide: EYSLPVLTF (SEQ ID NO.: 274), FIG. 1G) Gene symbol: LOC100124692, Peptide: NYMDTDNLMF (SEQ ID NO.: 362), FIG. 1H) Gene symbol: AR, Peptide: YQSRDYYNF (SEQ ID NO.: 386), FIG. 1I) Gene symbol: CT45A4, CT45A5, Peptide: VGGNVTSNF (SEQ ID NO.: 463), and FIG. 1J) Gene symbol: CT45A1, CT45A2, CT45A3, CT45A4, CT45A6, LOC101060208, LOC101060210, LOC101060211, Peptide: VGGNVTSSF (SEQ ID NO.: 464).

FIGS. 2A through 2Q show exemplary expression profile of source genes of the present invention that are over-expressed in different cancer samples. Tumor (black dots) and normal (grey dots) samples are grouped according to organ of origin. Box-and-whisker plots represent median FPKM value, 25th and 75th percentile (box) plus whiskers that extend to the lowest data point still within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the lower quartile and the highest data point still within 1.5 IQR of the upper quartile. Normal organs are ordered according to risk categories. FPKM: fragments per kilobase per million mapped reads. Tissues (from left to right): Normal samples: blood cells; bloodvess (blood vessels); brain; heart; liver; lung; adipose (adipose tissue); adrenal gl (adrenal gland); bile duct; bladder; bone marrow; esoph (esophagus); eye; gall bl (gallbladder); head&neck; intest. la (large intestine); intest. sm (small intestine); kidney; lymph node; nerve perith (peripheral nerve); pancreas; parathyr (parathyroid gland); perit (peritoneum); pituit (pituitary); pleura; skel. mus (skeletal muscle); skin; spleen; stomach; thyroid; trachea; ureter; breast; ovary; placenta; prostate; testis; thymus; uterus. Tumor samples: AML (acute myeloid leukemia); BRCA (breast cancer); CCC (cholangiocellular carcinoma); CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia); CRC (colorectal cancer); GBC (gallbladder cancer); GBM (glioblastoma); GC (gastric cancer); HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma); HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma); MEL (melanoma); NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma); NSCLCadeno (non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma); NSCLCother (NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam); NSCLCsquam (squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer); OC (ovarian cancer); OSCAR (esophageal cancer); PACA (pancreatic cancer); PRCA (prostate cancer); RCC (renal cell carcinoma); SCLC (small cell lung cancer); UBC (urinary bladder carcinoma); UEC (uterine and endometrial cancer). FIG. 2A) Gene symbol: MAGEA4, Peptide: IFPKTGLLII (SEQ ID No.: 1), FIG. 2B) Gene symbol: TRPM8, Peptide: KFLTHDVLTELF (SEQ ID No.: 3), FIG. 2C) Gene symbol: CHRNA9, Peptide: KYYIATMAL (SEQ ID No.: 13), FIG. 2D) Gene symbol: MMP12, Peptide: KYVDINTFRL (SEQ ID No.: 18), FIG. 2E) Gene symbol: SPINK2, Peptide: LYMRFVNTHF (SEQ ID No.: 21), FIG. 2F) Gene symbol: OR51E2, Peptide: FWFDSREISF (SEQ ID No.: 28), FIG. 2G) Gene symbol: MMP1, Peptide: KQMQEFFGL (SEQ ID No.: 31), FIG. 2H) Gene symbol: MAGEC1, Peptide: FSSTLVSLF (SEQ ID No.: 35), FIG. 2I) Gene symbol: ENPP3, Peptide: KTYLPTFETTI (SEQ ID No.: 39), FIG. 2J) Gene symbol: POTEG, POTEH, Peptide: MVLQPQPQLF (SEQ ID No.: 4), FIG. 2K) Gene symbol: OR51E2, Peptide: TQMFFIHAL (SEQ ID No.: 97), FIG. 2L) Gene symbol: MMP11, Peptide: FFFKAGFVWR (SEQ ID No.: 107), FIG. 2M) Gene symbol: MMP11, Peptide: YFLRGRLYW (SEQ ID No.: 122), FIG. 2N) Gene symbol: SLC24A5, Peptide: EYFLPSLEII (SEQ ID No.: 194), FIG. 2O) Gene symbol: SLC24A5, Peptide: MSAIWISAF (SEQ ID No.: 277), FIG. 2P) Gene symbol: ELP4, EXOSC7, KCNG2, TM4SF19, TOP2A, Peptide: HHTQLIFVF (SEQ ID No.: 286), FIG. 2Q) Gene symbol: LAMA3, Peptide: YFGNPQKF (SEQ ID No.: 304).

FIGS. 3A through 3G show exemplary results of peptide-specific in vitro CD8+ T cell responses of a healthy HLA-A*24+donor. CD8+ T cells were primed using artificial APCs coated with anti-CD28 mAb and HLA-A*24 in complex with SEQ ID NO: 420 peptide (VYEKNGYIYF, Seq ID NO: 420) (A, left panel), SEQ ID NO: 411 peptide (VYPPYLNYL, Seq ID NO: 411) (B, left panel), SEQ ID NO: 5 peptide (LQPQPQLFFSF, Seq ID NO: 5) (C, left panel), SEQ ID NO: 77 peptide (LYGFFFKI, Seq ID NO: 77) (D, left panel), SEQ ID NO: 76 peptide (IYIYPFAHW, Seq ID NO: 76) (E, left panel), SEQ ID NO: 32 peptide (FYPEVELNF, Seq ID NO: 32) (F, left panel), SEQ ID NO: 23 peptide (VYSSFVFNLF, Seq ID NO: 23) (G, left panel), respectively. After three cycles of stimulation, the detection of peptide-reactive cells was performed by 2D multimer staining with A*24/SEQ ID NO: 420 (A), A*24/SEQ ID NO: 411 (B), A*24/SEQ ID NO: 5 (C), A*24/SEQ ID NO: 77 (D), A*24/SEQ ID NO: 76 (E), A*24/SEQ ID NO: 32 (F), A*24/SEQ ID NO: 23 (G), respectively. Right panels (A) show control staining of cells stimulated with irrelevant A*24/peptide complexes. Viable singlet cells were gated for CD8+ lymphocytes. Boolean gates helped excluding false-positive events detected with multimers specific for different peptides. Frequencies of specific multimer+ cells among CD8+ lymphocytes are indicated.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification and Quantitation of Tumor Associated Peptides Presented on the Cell Surface Tissue Samples

Patients' tumor tissues were obtained from: Asterand Bioscience (Detroit USA & Royston, Herts, UK), BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA), Conversant Bio (Huntsville, Ala., USA), Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA), Heidelberg University Hospital (dept. of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany), Heidelberg University Hospital (General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany), Heidelberg University Hospital (Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg, Germany), Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Pascale” (Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Naples, Italy), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (Kyoto, Japan), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) (Leiden, Netherlands), Osaka City University (Osaka, Japan), ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA), Saint Savvas Hospital (Athens, Greece), Tissue Solutions (Glasgow, UK), University Hospital Bonn (dept. of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Bonn, Germany), University Hospital Thbingen (Dept. of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Tubingen, Germany), University Hospital Tubingen (Dept. of Immunology, Tubingen, Germany), University Hospital Thbingen (Dept. of Urology, Thbingen, Germany), University of Geneva (Division of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland)

Normal tissues were obtained from: Asterand Bioscience (Detroit USA & Royston, Herts, UK), BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA), Capital BioScience Inc. (Rockville, Md., USA), Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine Tuebingen (Tübingen, Germany), Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA), Heidelberg University Hospital (Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg, Germany), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (Kyoto, Japan), ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA), University Hospital Tübingen (Dept. of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Tübingen, Germany), University Hospital Tübingen (Dept. of Urology, Tübingen, Germany)

Written informed consents of all patients had been given before surgery or autopsy. Tissues were shock-frozen immediately after excision and stored until isolation of TUMAPs at −70° C. or below.

Isolation of HLA Peptides from Tissue Samples

HLA peptide pools from shock-frozen tissue samples were obtained by immune precipitation from solid tissues according to a slightly modified protocol (Falk et al., 1991; Seeger et al., 1999) using the HLA-A*02-specific antibody BB7.2, the HLA-A, —B, C-specific antibody W6/32, the HLA-DR specific antibody L243 and the HLA DP specific antibody B7/21, CNBr-activated sepharose, acid treatment, and ultrafiltration.

Mass Spectrometry Analyses

The HLA peptide pools as obtained were separated according to their hydrophobicity by reversed-phase chromatography (nanoAcquity UPLC system, Waters) and the eluting peptides were analyzed in LTQ-velos and fusion hybrid mass spectrometers (ThermoElectron) equipped with an ESI source. Peptide pools were loaded directly onto the analytical fused-silica micro-capillary column (75 μm i.d.×250 mm) packed with 1.7 μm C18 reversed-phase material (Waters) applying a flow rate of 400 nL per minute. Subsequently, the peptides were separated using a two-step 180 minute-binary gradient from 10% to 33% B at a flow rate of 300 nL per minute. The gradient was composed of Solvent A (0.1% formic acid in water) and solvent B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile). A gold coated glass capillary (PicoTip, New Objective) was used for introduction into the nanoESI source. The LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometers were operated in the data-dependent mode using a TOP5 strategy. In brief, a scan cycle was initiated with a full scan of high mass accuracy in the orbitrap (R=30 000), which was followed by MS/MS scans also in the orbitrap (R=7500) on the 5 most abundant precursor ions with dynamic exclusion of previously selected ions. Tandem mass spectra were interpreted by SEQUEST at a fixed false discovery rate (q≤0.05) and additional manual control. In cases where the identified peptide sequence was uncertain it was additionally validated by comparison of the generated natural peptide fragmentation pattern with the fragmentation pattern of a synthetic sequence-identical reference peptide.

Label-free relative LC-MS quantitation was performed by ion counting i.e. by extraction and analysis of LC-MS features (Mueller et al., 2007). The method assumes that the peptide's LC-MS signal area correlates with its abundance in the sample. Extracted features were further processed by charge state deconvolution and retention time alignment (Mueller et al., 2008; Sturm et al., 2008). Finally, all LC-MS features were cross-referenced with the sequence identification results to combine quantitative data of different samples and tissues to peptide presentation profiles. The quantitative data were normalized in a two-tier fashion according to central tendency to account for variation within technical and biological replicates. Thus each identified peptide can be associated with quantitative data allowing relative quantification between samples and tissues. In addition, all quantitative data acquired for peptide candidates was inspected manually to assure data consistency and to verify the accuracy of the automated analysis. For each peptide a presentation profile was calculated showing the mean sample presentation as well as replicate variations. The profiles juxtapose acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples to a baseline of normal tissue samples. Presentation profiles of exemplary over-presented peptides are shown in FIGS. 1A-1J.

Table 8a and Table 8b show the presentation on various cancer entities for selected peptides, and thus the particular relevance of the peptides as mentioned for the diagnosis and/or treatment of the cancers as indicated (e.g. peptide SEQ ID No. 3 for prostate cancer (PRCA), peptide SEQ ID No. 20 for ovarian cancer (OC) and pancreatic cancer (PACA)).

TABLE 8a Overview of presentation of selected tumor-associated peptides of the present invention across entities. SEQ ID No. Sequence Peptide Presentation on cancer entities 1 IFPKTGLLII NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 2 LYAPTILLW CRC, GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, UEC 3 KFLTHDVLTELF PRCA 4 MVLQPQPQLF NSCLCadeno 5 LQPQPQLFFSF PRCA 6 IVTFMNKTLGTF NSCLCadeno 7 GYPLRGSSI GC 9 TYINSLAIL NSCLCadeno, PRCA, RCC, UBC 10 QYPEFSIEL PRCA 11 RAMCAMMSF PACA 12 KYMSRVLFVY CCC 13 KYYIATMAL GC 14 YYIATMALI PRCA 15 FMVIAGMPLF AML, CLL, GC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCother 16 GYFLAQYLM RCC 17 IYPEAIATL BRCA, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, RCC 18 KYVDINTFRL NSCLCsquam 19 ILLCMSLLLF NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, PRCA 20 ELMAHPFLL OC, PACA 21 LYMRFVNTHF AML 22 VYSSFVFNL NHL 23 VYSSFVFNLF NHL 24 KMLPEASLLI NHL 25 MLPEASLLI NHL 26 TYFFVDNQYW NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 27 LSCTATPLF NSCLCadeno 28 FWFDSREISF PRCA 29 IYLLLPPVI NSCLCadeno, PRCA 30 RQAYSVYAF PRCA 31 KQMQEFFGL GC, NSCLCsquam 32 FYPEVELNF CCC, UBC 33 FYQPDLKYLSF NHL 34 LIFALALAAF UEC 35 FSSTLVSLF OC 36 VYLASVAAF PRCA 37 ISFSDTVNVW RCC 38 RYAHTLVTSVLF BRCA, MEL 39 KTYLPTFETTI UEC 40 NYPEGAAYEF NSCLCadeno, OC 41 IYFATQVVF PRCA 42 VYDSIWCNM UEC 43 KYKDHFTEI BRCA, GBC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 44 FYHEDMPLW NHL 45 YGQSKPWTF HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, RCC 46 IYPDSIQEL HCC 47 SYLWTDNLQEF OSCAR 48 AWSPPATLFLF GC, MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC, RCC 49 QYLSIAERAEF GC, UBC 50 RYFDENIQKF OSCAR 51 YFDENIQKF NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 52 SWHKATFLF AML 53 LFQRVSSVSF HCC 54 SYQEAIQQL PRCA 55 AVLRHLETF CCC 56 FYKLIQNGF AML 57 RYLQVVLLY GC 58 IYYSHENLI CCC, CRC, GC, HCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, PRCA 59 VFPLVTPLL GBM 60 RYSPVKDAW CCC, GBC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR 61 RIFTARLYF NHL 62 VYIVPVIVL GBM, NSCLCsquam 63 LYIDKGQYL GBM, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 64 QFSHVPLNNF NSCLCsquam 65 EYLLMIFKLV NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, PRCA 66 IYKDYYRYNF NHL 67 SYVLQIVAI GBM, MEL 68 VYKEDLPQL CLL, NSCLCsquam 69 KWFDSHIPRW GBC 70 RYTGQWSEW UBC 71 RYLPNPSLNAF HCC, NSCLCadeno 72 RWLDGSPVTL NHL 73 YFCSTKGQLF CLL, NHL 74 NYVLVPTMF CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, UEC 75 VYEHNHVSL UBC 76 IYIYPFAHW HCC, NHL 77 LYGFFFKI GC, HCC, UBC 78 TYSKTIALYGF UBC 79 FYIVTRPLAF NHL, NSCLCadeno 80 SYATPVDLW AML, CCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam 81 AYLKLLPMF BRCA, HNSCC, MEL 82 SYLENSASW BRCA, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, OSCAR, SCLC, UEC 83 VLQGEFFLF NHL 84 YTIERYFTL GC, NSCLCsquam, UEC 85 KYLSIPTVFF CCC, GBC, GC, HCC, NSCLCadeno, PRCA, RCC, UBC 86 SYLPTAERL GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, PACA, PRCA, UEC 87 NYTRLVLQF CCC, GBC, GC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UEC 88 TYVPSTFLV CCC, GBM, GC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA 89 TYVPSTFLVVL GC 90 TDLVQFLLF RCC 91 KQQVVKFLI PRCA 92 RALTETIMF UEC 93 TDWSPPPVEF NSCLCsquam 94 THSGGTNLF NSCLCadeno 95 IGLSVVHRF PRCA 96 SHIGVVLAF PRCA 97 TQMFFIHAL PRCA 98 LQIPVSPSF MEL 99 ASAALTGFTF OC, PRCA 100 KVWSDVTPLTF CCC, NSCLCsquam, PACA 101 VYAVSSDRF GBM 102 VLASAHILQF NSCLCadeno 103 EMFFSPQVF CRC, HCC, NSCLCadeno 104 GYGLTRVQPF NSCLCadeno 105 ITPATALLL NHL 106 LYAFLGSHF RCC 107 FFFKAGFVWR NSCLCsquam, UEC 108 WFFQGAQYW HCC 109 AQHSLTQLF GBM 110 VYSNPDLFW NSCLCadeno 111 IRPDYSFQF NSCLCadeno 112 LYPDSVFGRLF OC 113 ALMSAFYTF NSCLCsquam 114 KALMSAFYTF CCC 115 IMQGFIRAF NSCLCadeno 116 TYFFVANKY GC 117 RSMEHPGKLLF NSCLCadeno, UEC 118 IFLPFFIVF GC 119 VWSCEGCKAF UBC 120 VYAFMNENF RCC 121 RRYFGEKVAL PRCA 122 YFLRGRLYW NSCLCsquam, OC 123 FFLQESPVF HCC 124 EYNVFPRTL CRC, GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 125 LYYGSILYI MEL 126 YSLLDPAQF CRC, NSCLCadeno, PACA, PRCA, UEC 127 FLPRAYYRW PRCA 128 AFQNVISSF GC 129 IYVSLAHVL GC, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, PRCA 130 RPEKVFVF NSCLCadeno 131 MHRTWRETF PRCA 132 TFEGATVTL CRC, MEL, NHL 133 FFYVTETTF NHL 134 IYSSQLPSF CLL 135 KYKQHFPEI HCC 136 YLKSVQLF NSCLCsquam 137 ALFAVCWAPF NSCLCsquam 138 MMVTVVALF NSCLCsquam, RCC 139 AYAPRGSIYKF GBC, NSCLCadeno 140 IFQHFCEEI CLL 141 QYAAAITNGL NSCLCsquam 142 PYWWNANMVF NHL 143 KTKRWLWDF NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 144 LFDHGGTVFF GBM 145 MYTIVTPML GC 146 NYFLDPVTI BRCA, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC 147 FPYPSSILSV GBM 148 MLPQIPFLLL OC 149 TQFFIPYTI CCC, GC, NSCLCsquam, OC 150 FIPVAWLIF OC 151 RRLWAYVTI MEL 152 MHPGVLAAFLF NSCLCadeno 153 AWSPPATLF MEL 154 DYSKQALSL NSCLCadeno 155 PYSIYPHGVTF HCC 156 IYPHGVTFSP GC 157 SIYPHGVTF PRCA 158 SYLKDPMIV CLL 159 VFQPNPLF UEC 160 YIANLISCF GBC 161 ILQAPLSVF CLL, GC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, RCC, SCLC 162 YYIGIVEEY HCC, NSCLCsquam 163 YYIGIVEEYW GC 164 MFQEMLQRL MEL 165 KDQPQVPCVF GC 166 MMALWSLLHL NSCLCsquam 167 LQPPWTTVF GC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 168 LSSPVHLDF CRC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, OSCAR, RCC, UEC 169 MYDLHHLYL NSCLCsquam 170 IFIPATILL HCC 171 LYTVPFNLI NSCLCsquam 172 RYFIAAEKILW HNSCC 173 RYLSVCERL NSCLCsquam 174 TYGEEMPEEI PRCA 175 SYFEYRRLL NSCLCadeno 176 TQAGEYLLF AML 177 KYLITTFSL NSCLCadeno 178 AYPQIRCTW AML 179 MYNMVPFF NSCLCadeno 180 IYNKTKMAF SCLC 181 IHGIKFHYF GC 182 AQGSGTVTF CLL 183 YQVAKGMEF NSCLCadeno 184 VYVRPRVF NSCLCadeno 185 LYICKVELM GC 186 RRVTWNVLF NSCLCsquam 187 KWFNVRMGFGF NHL 188 SLPGSFIYVF NSCLCadeno, RCC 189 FYPDEDDFYF NSCLCother 190 IYIIMQSCW AML 191 MSYSCGLPSL GC, HCC 192 CYSFIHLSF HCC, NHL 193 KYKPVALQCIA NSCLCadeno 194 EYFLPSLEII CLL 195 IYNEHGIQQI GBM, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 196 VGRSPVFLF OC 197 YYHSGENLY GC, NSCLCadeno 198 VLAPVSGQF CLL, GBC, GC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, SCLC 199 MFQFEHIKW NSCLCadeno 200 LYMSVEDFI NSCLCother 201 VFPSVDVSF CRC, GBM 202 VYDTMIEKFA GBM, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam 203 VYPSESTVM GBM 204 WQNVTPLTF NSCLCsquam 205 ISWEVVHTVF PACA 206 EVVHTVFLF GBC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, PRCA, SCLC 207 IYKFIMDRF AML, GBC, GC, HCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PRCA, UBC 208 QYLQQQAKL NSCLCadeno 209 DIYVTGGHLF PRCA 210 EAYSYPPATI NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 211 MLYFAPDLIL GC 212 VYFVQYKIM UBC 213 FYNRLTKLF NSCLCadeno 214 YIPMSVMLF NSCLCadeno 215 KASKITFHW GBM 216 RHYHSIEVF HCC 217 QRYGFSSVGF HCC 218 FYFYNCSSL UEC 219 KVVSGFYYI GC 220 TYATHVTEI GC 221 VFYCLLFVF CCC, NSCLCsquam 222 HYHAESFLF OSCAR 223 KLRALSILF PRCA 224 AYLQFLSVL NSCLCother 225 ISMSATEFLL OSCAR 226 TYSTNRTMI CCC 227 YLPNPSLNAF CLL, GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 228 VYLRIGGF MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PRCA, RCC, SCLC, UBC 229 CAMPVAMEF NHL 230 RWLSKPSLL NHL 231 KYSVAFYSLD GC 232 IWPGFTTSI GC 233 LYSRRGVRTL OC 234 RYKMLIPF PRCA 235 VYISDVSVY NSCLCadeno 236 LHLYCLNTF CCC 237 RQGLTVLTW NSCLCadeno 238 YTCSRAVSLF NSCLCadeno 239 IYTFSNVTF GC 240 RVHANPLLI HCC 241 QKYYITGEAEGF OSCAR 242 SYTPLLSYI MEL 243 ALFPMGPLTF CLL 244 TYIDTRTVFL HCC 245 VLPLHFLPF RCC 246 KIYTTVLFANI HCC 247 VHSYLGSPF RCC 248 CWGPHCFEM NSCLCsquam 249 HQYGGAYNRV OC 250 VYSDRQIYLL HCC 251 DYLLSWLLF GC 252 RYLIIKYPF GBC 253 QYYCLLLIF NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 254 KQHAWLPLTI NHL 255 VYLDEKQHAW CLL, NHL 256 QHAWLPLTI NHL 257 MLILFFSTI MEL 258 VCWNPFNNTF CRC 259 FFLFIPFF NSCLCadeno 260 FLFIPFFIIF GC 261 IMFCLKNFWW NSCLCadeno, OC 263 AYVTEFVSL BRCA, GBC 264 AYAIPSASLSW HCC 265 LYQQSDTWSL HCC, NSCLCadeno 266 TQIITFESF MEL 267 QHMLPFWTDL OSCAR 268 YQFGWSPNF GC 269 FSFSTSMNEF PRCA 270 GTGKLFWVF PACA 271 INGDLVFSF CLL 272 IYFNHRCF NSCLCadeno 273 VTMYLPLLL GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, RCC 274 EYSLPVLTF AML, CCC, CLL, CRC, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, RCC, SCLC, UBC, UEC 275 PEYSLPVLTF NHL 277 MSAIWISAF OSCAR 278 TYESVVTGFF SCLC 279 KYKNPYGF HCC 280 TIYSLEMKMSF NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam 281 MDQNQVVWTF NSCLCadeno 282 ASYQQSTSSFF NSCLCadeno 283 SYIVDGKII PRCA 284 QFYSTLPNTI HCC 285 YFLPGPHYF RCC 286 HHTQLIFVF GBC, PRCA 287 LVQPQAVLF GBM, GC, NSCLCadeno, SCLC, UEC 288 MGKGSISFLF NSCLCadeno 289 RTLNEIYHW NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 290 VTPKMLISF CCC, NSCLCother 291 YTRLVLQF AML, BRCA, CCC, CLL, CRC, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, RCC, SCLC, UBC, UEC 292 KMFPKDFRF CRC 293 MYAYAGWFY CRC 294 KMGRIVDYF CCC, GBC, GC 295 KYNRQSMTL HCC 296 YQRPDLLLF CLL, MEL 297 LKSPRLFTF GBC 298 TYETVMTFF GBC, GC, HCC, NHL, UBC 299 FLPALYSLL NSCLCadeno 300 LFALPDFIF NSCLCadeno 301 RTALSSTDTF NHL 302 YQGSLEVLF NSCLCadeno 303 RFLDRGWGF CRC 304 YFGNPQKF GC, PACA 305 RNAFSIYIL CRC, NSCLCadeno 306 RYILEPFFI BRCA, CCC, CRC, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, RCC, SCLC, UBC, UEC 307 RILTEFELL GC 308 AAFISVPLLI HCC 309 AFISVPLLI NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother 310 EFINGWYVL HCC 311 IQNAILHLF SCLC 312 YLCMLYALF CCC, GBC, GC, NHL 313 IFMENAFEL HCC 315 VYDYIPLLL OC 316 IWAERIMF NSCLCsquam 317 DWIWRILFLV GBM 318 VQADAKLLF GC, NSCLCadeno, UBC 319 ATATLHLIF UEC 320 EVYQKIILKF GBC 321 VYTVGHNLI HCC 322 SFISPRYSWLF AML, CRC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, UBC 323 NYSPVTGKF OSCAR 324 RYFVSNIYL GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, UEC 325 IFMGAVPTL HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, OC, OSCAR 326 VHMKDFFYF CLL, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, PACA 328 IYLVGGYSW CLL 329 YLGKNWSF AML, CCC 330 DYIQMIPEL BRCA, GBC, GC, SCLC 332 VYCSLDKSQF BRCA, CCC, GBC, GC, MEL 333 RYADLLIYTY UEC 334 KVFGSFLTL UEC 335 RYQSVIYPF UEC 336 VYSDLHAFY CCC, GBC, HCC, NSCLCadeno, PACA 337 SHSDHEFLF UEC 338 VYLTWLPGL CLL, NHL 339 KQVIGIHTF CLL, GBC, GBM, GC, RCC 340 FPPTPPLF AML 341 RYENVSILF GBM, OC 342 MYGIVIRTI GC 343 EYQQYHPSL NHL 344 YAYATVLTF GBC, GC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, UBC 345 RYLEEHTEF GBC, NSCLCadeno, OC, UEC 346 TYIDFVPYI GBC, GC, NSCLCadeno, OC, RCC, UEC 347 AWLIVLLFL NHL, UEC 348 RSWENIPVTF CCC 349 IYMTTGVLL GC, NSCLCadeno 350 VYKWTEEKF BRCA, NSCLCother, OSCAR 351 GYFGTASLF NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother 352 NAFEAPLTF OC 353 AAFPGAFSF OC 354 QYIPTFHVY BRCA, GBM, HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 355 VYNNNSSRF CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, RCC, SCLC, UEC 356 YSLEHLTQF OC, UEC 357 RALLPSPLF MEL, NHL 358 IYANVTEMLL OSCAR 359 TQLPAPLRI UEC 360 LYITKVTTI NSCLCadeno 361 KQPANFIVL GBC 362 NYMDTDNLMF CCC, GBC, GC, HCC, OC, OSCAR, SCLC 363 QYGFNYNKF GC, NSCLCsquam 364 KQSQVVFVL NSCLCsquam, OC, PRCA 365 KDLMKAYLF GC, SCLC 366 RLGEFVLLF GC 367 HWSHITHLF CCC, CRC, GBM, GC, MEL 368 AYFVAMHLF GBC, GBM, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, SCLC, UEC 369 NFYLFPTTF GC, NSCLCsquam 370 TQMDVKLVF GBC, GC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 371 FRSWAVQTF AML, CRC, GC 372 LYHNWRHAF BRCA, OC, RCC 373 IWDALERTF CLL, CRC, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PRCA 374 MIFAVVVLF GBC, GBM, GC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, OC, OSCAR, PRCA 375 YYAADQWVF AML, GBC, GC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA 376 KYVGEVFNI AML, CLL, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, RCC 377 SLWREVVTF OC, RCC 378 VYAVISNIL GBM, NHL, NSCLCadeno, SCLC 379 KLPTEWNVL CCC, CLL, CRC, GC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, OSCAR, RCC, UEC 380 FYIRRLPMF NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, RCC 381 IYTDITYSF AML, CCC, GBC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, RCC 382 SYPKELMKF GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, OC, UEC 383 PYFSPSASF NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, UBC 385 GYFGNPQKF BRCA, CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, RCC, SCLC, UBC, UEC 386 YQSRDYYNF CRC, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, PRCA, UBC, UEC 387 THAGVRLYF CRC, GBC, GC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PRCA, UEC AML: acute myeloid leukemia; BRCA: breast cancer; CCC: cholangiocellular carcinoma; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRC: colorectal cancer; GBC: gallbladder cancer; GBM: glioblastoma; GC: gastric cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; MEL: melanoma; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NSCLCadeno: non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma; NSCLCother: NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam; NSCLCsquam: squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer; OC: ovarian cancer; OSCAR: esophageal cancer; PACA: pancreatic cancer; PRCA: prostate cancer; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; UBC: urinary bladder carcinoma; UEC: uterine and endometrial cancer.

TABLE 8b Overview of presentation of selected tumor-associated peptides of the present invention across entities. SEQ ID Peptide Presentation No. Sequence on cancer entities 463 VGGNVTSNF AML, BRCA, GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OC 464 VGGNVTSSF BRCA, GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC AML: acute myeloid leukemia; BRCA: breast cancer; GBC: gallbladder cancer; GC: gastric cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; NSCLCadeno: non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma; NSCLCsquam: squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer; OC: ovarian cancer;.

Example 2

Expression Profiling of Genes Encoding the Peptides of the Invention

Over-presentation or specific presentation of a peptide on tumor cells compared to normal cells is sufficient for its usefulness in immunotherapy, and some peptides are tumor-specific despite their source protein occurring also in normal tissues. Still, mRNA expression profiling adds an additional level of safety in selection of peptide targets for immunotherapies. Especially for therapeutic options with high safety risks, such as affinity-matured TCRs, the ideal target peptide will be derived from a protein that is unique to the tumor and not found on normal tissues.

RNA Sources and Preparation

Surgically removed tissue specimens were provided as indicated above (see Example 1) after written informed consent had been obtained from each patient. Tumor tissue specimens were snap-frozen immediately after surgery and later homogenized with mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was prepared from these samples using TRI Reagent (Ambion, Darmstadt, Germany) followed by a cleanup with RNeasy (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany); both methods were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Total RNA from healthy human tissues for RNASeq experiments was obtained from: Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK); Bio-Options Inc. (Brea, Calif., USA); Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA); ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA); Tissue Solutions Ltd (Glasgow, UK). Total RNA from tumor tissues for RNASeq experiments was obtained from: Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK); BioCat GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany); BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA); Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA); Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Pascale” (Naples, Italy); ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA); University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany).

Quality and quantity of all RNA samples were assessed on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany) using the RNA 6000 Pico LabChip Kit (Agilent).

RNAseq Experiments

Gene expression analysis of—tumor and normal tissue RNA samples was performed by next generation sequencing (RNAseq) by CeGaT (Tubingen, Germany). Briefly, sequencing libraries are prepared using the Illumina HiSeq v4 reagent kit according to the provider's protocol (Illumina Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA), which includes RNA fragmentation, cDNA conversion and addition of sequencing adaptors. Libraries derived from multiple samples are mixed equimolar and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer according to the manufacturer's instructions, generating 50 bp single end reads. Processed reads are mapped to the human genome (GRCh38) using the STAR software. Expression data are provided on transcript level as RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase per Million mapped reads, generated by the software Cufflinks) and on exon level (total reads, generated by the software Bedtools), based on annotations of the ensembl sequence database (Ensembl77). Exon reads are normalized for exon length and alignment size to obtain RPKM values.

Exemplary expression profiles of source genes of the present invention that are highly over-expressed or exclusively expressed in acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer are shown in FIGS. 2A-2Q. Expression scores for further exemplary genes are shown in Table 9a and Table 9b.

TABLE 9a Expression scores. The table lists for each peptide the tumor types for which the exon is very highly over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (+++), highly over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (++) or over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (+). The baseline for this score was calculated from measurements of the following relevant normal tissues: blood cells, blood vessels, brain, heart, liver, lung, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, bile duct, bone marrow, esophagus, eye, gallbladder, head-and-neck, kidney, large intestine, lymph node, pancreas, parathyroid gland, peripheral nerve, peritoneum, pituitary, pleura, skeletal muscle, skin, small intestine, spleen, stomach, thyroid gland, trachea, ureter, urinary bladder. In case expression data for several samples of the same tissue type were available, the arithmetic mean of all respective samples was used for the calculation. Exon Expression in tumor types vs normal tissue panel Seq ID highly over- very highly over- No Sequence over-expressed (+) expressed (++) expressed (+++) 1 IFPKTGLLII BRCA, CRC, GC, HCC, NSCLCadeno, GBC, HNSCC, MEL, UEC UBC NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC 2 LYAPTILLW GBC CCC, HCC 3 KFLTHDVLTELF MEL GBM, SCLC PRCA 4 MVLQPQPQLF GBC, HCC, NHL, PRCA OC, UBC 5 LQPQPQLFFSF GBC, HCC, NHL, PRCA OC, UBC 6 IVTFMNKTLGTF NHL CLL 7 GYPLRGSSI OC UEC 8 IMKPLDQDF BRCA, CRC, GBC, NSCLCadeno PRCA GC, NSCLCsquam, PACA, SCLC, UBC, UEC 9 TYINSLAIL PRCA 10 QYPEFSIEL PRCA 11 RAMCAMMSF PRCA 12 KYMSRVLFVY MEL, GBM, HNSCC, SCLC NSCLCother NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 13 KYYIATMAL MEL, GBM, HNSCC, SCLC NSCLCother NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 14 YYIATMALI MEL, GBM, HNSCC, SCLC NSCLCother NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 15 FMVIAGMPLF NSCLCadeno, RCC NSCLCsquam 16 GYFLAQYLM GBM, MEL PRCA 17 IYPEAIATL NSCLCadeno RCC 18 KYVDINTFRL HCC, RCC CCC, GC, MEL, CRC, GBC, HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, OC, PACA, UEC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC 19 ILLCMSLLLF OC BRCA 20 ELMAHPFLL OC BRCA 21 LYMRFVNTHF AML 22 VYSSFVFNL GBC, GBM, MEL, CLL NHL OC, UBC 23 VYSSFVFNLF GBC, GBM, MEL, CLL NHL OC, UBC 24 KMLPEASLLI GBC, GBM, MEL, CLL NHL OC, UBC 25 MLPEASLLI GBC, GBM, MEL, CLL NHL OC, UBC 26 TYFFVDNQYW HCC, NHL, RCC CCC, CRC, GBC, NSCLCother, GC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam NSCLCadeno, OC, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC, UBC, UEC 27 LSCTATPLF NSCLCother, OSCAR HNSCC NSCLCsquam, SCLC 28 FWFDSREISF PRCA 29 IYLLLPPVI PRCA 30 RQAYSVYAF PRCA 31 KQMQEFFGL CRC, MEL, PACA GC, NSCLCadeno, HNSCC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 32 FYPEVELNF CRC, GC, MEL, HNSCC, PACA NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 33 FYQPDLKYLSF CLL, GBC NHL 34 LIFALALAAF GBC GC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA 35 FSSTLVSLF GBC, SCLC HCC, MEL 36 VYLASVAAF PRCA 37 ISFSDTVNVW BRCA, PRCA MEL 38 RYAHTLVTSVLF MEL 39 KTYLPTFETTI UEC RCC 40 NYPEGAAYEF BRCA, OC, UEC 41 IYFATQVVF PRCA 42 VYDSIWCNM OC, UEC 43 KYKDHFTEI BRCA, MEL, GBC, HCC, NHL NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, SCLC 44 FYHEDMPLW NHL CLL 45 YGQSKPVVTF MEL 46 IYPDSIQEL HCC 47 SYLVVTDNLQEF GBC, SCLC HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 48 AWSPPATLFLF CCC MEL 49 QYLSIAERAEF UEC 50 RYFDENIQKF NSCLCother, HNSCC OSCAR 51 YFDENIQKF NSCLCother, HNSCC OSCAR 52 SWHKATFLF AML 53 LFQRVSSVSF MEL 54 SYQEAIQQL PRCA 55 AVLRHLETF GBM, GC, OSCAR AML 56 FYKLIQNGF AML 57 RYLQVVLLY GBM, PACA CRC, GBC, GC 58 IYYSHENLI CCC HCC 59 VFPLVTPLL GBM 60 RYSPVKDAW BRCA, HNSCC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 61 RIFTARLYF NHL 62 VYIVPVIVL GBM, OC CCC 63 LYIDKGQYL MEL 64 QFSHVPLNNF MEL 65 EYLLMIFKLV NHL HNSCC, MEL 66 IYKDYYRYNF MEL NHL 67 SYVLQIVAI GBM 68 VYKEDLPQL NHL 69 KWFDSHIPRW BRCA, CLL, NHL, UBC RCC 70 RYTGQWSEW AML UBC 71 RYLPNPSLNAF NSCLCother 72 RWLDGSPVTL CLL, NHL 73 YFCSTKGQLF NHL CLL 74 NYVLVPTMF GC UEC 75 VYEHNHVSL UBC 76 IYIYPFAHW GBC HCC 77 LYGFFFKI UBC 78 TYSKTIALYGF UBC 79 FYIVTRPLAF AML CCC 80 SYATPVDLW GBM, GC AML 81 AYLKLLPMF MEL 82 SYLENSASW UEC 83 VLQGEFFLF NHL CLL 84 YTIERYFTL GBC, GC, UEC PACA 85 KYLSIPTVFF HCC 86 SYLPTAERL CCC 87 NYTRLVLQF GBC, GC, UEC PACA 88 TYVPSTFLV GBC, GC, UEC PACA 89 TYVPSTFLVVL GBC, GC, UEC PACA 90 TDLVQFLLF HCC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, MEL NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC 91 KQQVVKFLI GC, HNSCC, NHL, GBC, OC BRCA, PRCA NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC, UBC, UEC 92 RALTETIMF OC UEC 93 TDWSPPPVEF GC, NSCLCsquam, GBC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL PACA, SCLC, UEC OSCAR 94 THSGGTNLF HCC, RCC CCC, CRC, GC, GBC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno, OC, NSCLCsquam OSCAR, PACA, SCLC, UBC, UEC 95 IGLSVVHRF PRCA 96 SHIGVVLAF PRCA 97 TQMFFIHAL PRCA 98 LQIPVSPSF GBC, SCLC HCC, MEL 99 ASAALTGFTF PRCA 100 KVWSDVTPLTF HCC, RCC, SCLC BRCA, CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 101 VYAVSSDRF GBM, SCLC 102 VLASAHILQF UBC 103 EMFFSPQVF GC, HNSCC, MEL, BRCA, CCC, CRC, NSCLCadeno, GBC, HCC, OC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, RCC, SCLC 104 GYGLTRVQPF GC, HNSCC, MEL, BRCA, CCC, CRC, NSCLCadeno, GBC, HCC, OC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, RCC, SCLC 105 ITPATALLL NHL CLL 106 LYAFLGSHF BRCA, RCC NSCLCadeno, UEC 107 FFFKAGFVWR HCC, OC, SCLC BRCA, CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 108 WFFQGAQYW HCC, OC BRCA, CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 109 AQHSLTQLF GBM, SCLC 110 VYSNPDLFW CLL 111 IRPDYSFQF CLL 112 LYPDSVFGRLF AML, CCC, GC, BRCA, GBC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, OC, SCLC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UEC 113 ALMSAFYTF HCC, OC, RCC, BRCA, CCC, CRC, SCLC GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 114 KALMSAFYTF HCC, OC, RCC, BRCA, CCC, CRC, SCLC GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 115 IMQGFIRAF CCC, HCC, OC NSCLCadeno 116 TYFFVANKY CRC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, PACA, UBC OSCAR 117 RSMEHPGKLLF BRCA, OC, UEC 118 IFLPFFIVF BRCA, GBC, HCC, CCC, RCC OSCAR, PRCA, UBC, UEC 119 VWSCEGCKAF BRCA, OC, UEC 120 VYAFMNENF NSCLCsquam, RCC OSCAR 121 RRYFGEKVAL PRCA 122 YFLRGRLYW HCC, OC BRCA, CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 123 FFLQESPVF HCC, MEL, PRCA BRCA 124 EYNVFPRTL NSCLCadeno, UBC HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 125 LYYGSILYI MEL 126 YSLLDPAQF GBC, HCC, CRC, GC, PRCA HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC, UEC 127 FLPRAYYRW PRCA 128 AFQNVISSF NSCLCsquam, GC, PACA UEC 129 IYVSLAHVL PRCA 130 RPEKVFVF CCC, CRC, GBM, BRCA, GBC, GC, NSCLCother, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC, NSCLCadeno, SCLC OSCAR, PACA 131 MHRTWRETF PRCA 132 TFEGATVTL NHL CLL 133 FFYVTETTF AML, GC, OC, HCC, NHL OSCAR, SCLC, UEC 134 IYSSQLPSF NHL CLL 135 KYKQHFPEI HCC 136 YLKSVQLF BRCA, MEL AML 137 ALFAVCWAPF NSCLCsquam, RCC OSCAR 138 MMVTVVALF NSCLCsquam, RCC OSCAR 139 AYAPRGSIYKF BRCA, HCC NSCLCadeno, OC 140 IFQHFCEEI AML, BRCA, GBC, OC, SCLC HCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno 141 QYAAAITNGL SCLC GBM 142 PYVWVNANMVF HCC 143 KTKRWLWDF CCC, CRC, GBM, BRCA, GBC, GC, NSCLCother, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC NSCLCadeno, OSCAR, PACA 144 LFDHGGTVFF PRCA 145 MYTIVTPML GBM OC 146 NYFLDPVTI MEL 147 FPYPSSILSV MEL GBM, SCLC 148 MLPQIPFLLL CRC, HNSCC, BRCA, CCC, GBC, NSCLCsquam, OC, GC, NSCLCadeno, UBC, UEC OSCAR, PACA 149 TQFFIPYTI CRC, HNSCC, BRCA, CCC, GBC, NSCLCsquam, OC, GC, NSCLCadeno, UBC, UEC OSCAR, PACA 150 FIPVAWLIF HNSCC, UBC MEL 151 RRLWAYVTI MEL 152 MHPGVLAAFLF NSCLCadeno, UBC HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 153 AWSPPATLF CCC MEL 154 DYSKQALSL CCC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, NSCLCother, OSCAR PACA, UBC, UEC 155 PYSIYPHGVTF CCC HCC 156 IYPHGVTFSP CCC HCC 157 SIYPHGVTF CCC HCC 158 SYLKDPMIV GBC, HNSCC, HCC MEL, NSCLCadeno, SCLC 159 VFQPNPLF GC, NSCLCsquam, CRC, HNSCC, MEL, PACA OC, OSCAR, UBC 160 YIANLISCF SCLC, UEC 161 ILQAPLSVF NHL CLL 162 YYIGIVEEY NSCLCother, HNSCC OSCAR 163 YYIGIVEEYW NSCLCother, HNSCC OSCAR 164 MFQEMLQRL BRCA, GBC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA UBC 165 KDQPQVPCVF BRCA 166 MMALWSLLHL SCLC 167 LQPPVVTTVF NHL CLL 168 LSSPVHLDF NHL CLL 169 MYDLHHLYL CRC, GBC, BRCA, GC, MEL, HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, OC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA UEC 170 IFIPATILL PRCA HCC 171 LYTVPFNLI HCC MEL 172 RYFIAAEKILW OSCAR HNSCC 173 RYLSVCERL HNSCC, NSCLCother NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, SCLC, UEC 174 TYGEEMPEEI NSCLCother, HNSCC, OSCAR NSCLCsquam 175 SYFEYRRLL GC, NSCLCadeno, CCC, HNSCC, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, PACA, UBC OSCAR 176 TQAGEYLLF AML 177 KYLITTFSL BRCA, GC, CCC, GBC, HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCsquam, OC, NSCLCadeno, UBC, UEC OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, SCLC 178 AYPQIRCTW AML 179 MYNMVPFF MEL 180 IYNKTKMAF HNSCC, MEL, OC, HCC, UBC OSCAR, SCLC 181 IHGIKFHYF PACA, UEC GC 182 AQGSGTVTF CLL, NHL 183 YQVAKGMEF AML 184 VYVRPRVF MEL 185 LYICKVELM NHL CLL 186 RRVTWNVLF SCLC GBM 187 KWFNVRMGFGF GBC, MEL, OC, HCC, SCLC UBC, UEC 188 SLPGSFIYVF MEL 189 FYPDEDDFYF GBM, MEL, OC, AML, UEC SCLC, UBC 190 IYIIMQSCW AML 191 MSYSCGLPSL HNSCC MEL 192 CYSFIHLSF BRCA, CCC, GC, GBC, NSCLCsquam, HNSCC, NHL, OC, UBC, UEC NSCLCadeno, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, SCLC 193 KYKPVALQCIA MEL 194 EYFLPSLEII MEL 195 IYNEHGIQQI CCC, CRC, GBC, BRCA, MEL, GBM, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, PACA NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR 196 VGRSPVFLF CCC, CRC, GBC, BRCA, MEL, GBM, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, PACA NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR 197 YYHSGENLY MEL CCC 198 VLAPVSGQF NHL CLL 199 MFQFEHIKW HCC 200 LYMSVEDFI GC, HNSCC, MEL, CRC, GBC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, UBC 201 VFPSVDVSF GBM 202 VYDTMIEKFA GBM 203 VYPSESTVM GBM 204 WQNVTPLTF BRCA GBM, MEL 205 ISWEVVHTVF MEL 206 EVVHTVFLF MEL 207 IYKFIMDRF NHL, SCLC, UEC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC 208 QYLQQQAKL NHL, SCLC, UEC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC 209 DIYVTGGHLF BRCA, HNSCC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 210 EAYSYPPATI MEL 211 MLYFAPDLIL BRCA UEC 212 VYFVQYKIM BRCA, HNSCC, CCC, NHL, NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 213 FYNRLTKLF CRC, GBC, OSCAR, UBC HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, PACA, UEC 214 YIPMSVMLF AML, HNSCC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 215 KASKITFHW GBM 216 RHYHSIEVF MEL 217 QRYGFSSVGF HCC 218 FYFYNCSSL BRCA, CLL, NHL, UBC RCC 219 KVVSGFYYI BRCA, CCC, NHL HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 220 TYATHVTEI BRCA, CCC, NHL HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 221 VFYCLLFVF BRCA, CCC, NHL HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 222 HYHAESFLF OSCAR HNSCC 223 KLRALSILF GBM 224 AYLQFLSVL BRCA, HCC, MEL, PRCA OC, SCLC, UEC 225 ISMSATEFLL NSCLCother 226 TYSTNRTMI AML 227 YLPNPSLNAF NSCLCother 228 VYLRIGGF CCC, HNSCC, OC PACA, UBC, UEC 229 CAMPVAMEF CLL, NHL 230 RWLSKPSLL CLL, NHL 231 KYSVAFYSLD MEL, OC, UEC NSCLCsquam, RCC, SCLC 232 IWPGFTTSI GBC, GC, PACA, CRC SCLC, UEC 233 LYSRRGVRTL CCC, OC PACA 234 RYKMLIPF BRCA, CCC, GC, GBC, OC, UBC HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC, UEC 235 VYISDVSVY AML, NHL CLL 236 LHLYCLNTF BRCA UEC 237 RQGLTVLTW AML, BRCA, CRC, NHL GC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, SCLC, UEC 238 YTCSRAVSLF GBC, HCC, SCLC NSCLCother, OC, RCC 239 IYTFSNVTF NHL 240 RVHANPLLI HCC 241 QKYYITGEAEGF OC BRCA, UEC 242 SYTPLLSYI SCLC GBM 243 ALFPMGPLTF NHL CLL 244 TYIDTRTVFL GC UEC 245 VLPLHFLPF HCC, HNSCC, GBC, MEL, NHL NSCLCsquam, UBC 246 KIYTTVLFANI GBC HCC 247 VHSYLGSPF AML 248 CWGPHCFEM GBM RCC 249 HQYGGAYNRV UEC 250 VYSDRQIYLL BRCA 251 DYLLSWLLF NHL CLL 252 RYLIIKYPF AML CCC 253 QYYCLLLIF CCC AML 254 KQHAWLPLTI CLL, NHL 255 VYLDEKQHAW CLL, NHL 256 QHAWLPLTI CLL, NHL 257 MLILFFSTI GBC, HCC, BRCA HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC, UEC 258 VCWNPFNNTF NSCLCother, OC, UEC RCC, SCLC 259 FFLFIPFF NSCLCadeno, OC PRCA 260 FLFIPFFIIF NSCLCadeno, OC PRCA 261 IMFCLKNFVWV MEL 262 YIMFCLKNF MEL 263 AYVTEFVSL SCLC 264 AYAIPSASLSW MEL 265 LYQQSDTWSL CLL 266 TQIITFESF NSCLCadeno, HNSCC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 267 QHMLPFVVTDL BRCA, CCC, GBC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 268 YQFGWSPNF HCC 269 FSFSTSMNEF UEC 270 GTGKLFVVVF NHL CLL 271 INGDLVFSF UEC 272 IYFNHRCF CLL 273 VTMYLPLLL MEL 274 EYSLPVLTF GBM 275 PEYSLPVLTF GBM 276 KFLGSKCSF HNSCC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 277 MSAIWISAF MEL 278 TYESVVTGFF HNSCC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 279 KYKNPYGF BRCA, CRC, GC, NSCLCsquam HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCother, OC, OSCAR, SCLC, UEC 280 TIYSLEMKMSF NSCLCadeno PRCA 281 MDQNQVVVVTF NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam 282 ASYQQSTSSFF CLL 283 SYIVDGKII HNSCC, MEL, CCC NSCLCsquam, PACA 284 QFYSTLPNTI NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam 285 YFLPGPHYF CLL, CRC, GBM, NHL GC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, SCLC 286 HHTQLIFVF MEL, HNSCC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 287 LVQPQAVLF NHL CLL 288 MGKGSISFLF GBM, PACA SCLC 289 RTLNEIYHW NHL 290 VTPKMLISF HCC 291 YTRLVLQF GBC, GC, UEC PACA 292 KMFPKDFRF PACA RCC 293 MYAYAGWFY HNSCC, NSCLCsquam NSCLCadeno, OSCAR 294 KMGRIVDYF GBC, GC, UEC PACA 295 KYNRQSMTL HCC 296 YQRPDLLLF NHL CLL 297 LKSPRLFTF UBC 298 TYETVMTFF UBC 299 FLPALYSLL CLL 300 LFALPDFIF CLL 301 RTALSSTDTF CLL 302 YQGSLEVLF UEC UBC 303 RFLDRGWGF BRCA, CRC, GBC, CCC GC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC 304 YFGNPQKF CCC, GC, HNSCC, OSCAR NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, PACA, UBC 305 RNAFSIYIL HNSCC MEL 306 RYILEPFFI HNSCC, NSCLCsquam NSCLCadeno, OSCAR 307 RILTEFELL GBC, GC CRC 308 AAFISVPLLI GBC, GC, PACA, CRC UBC 309 AFISVPLLI GBC, GC, PACA, CRC UBC 310 EFINGVVYVL NHL CLL 311 IQNAILHLF GBC, HCC, NHL HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, PACA, SCLC 312 YLCMLYALF GBM OC 313 IFMENAFEL HCC 314 SQHFNLATF AML 315 VYDYIPLLL UEC UBC 316 IWAERIMF BRCA PRCA 317 DWIWRILFLV BRCA, MEL, GBC NSCLCsquam 318 VQADAKLLF GC, HNSCC, CRC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 319 ATATLHLIF GBM 320 EVYQKIILKF GBC, MEL, OC, SCLC 321 VYTVGHNLI HCC 322 SFISPRYSWLF AML 323 NYSPVTGKF MEL 324 RYFVSNIYL AML, GBC, MEL, OC 325 IFMGAVPTL HNSCC, OC, OSCAR, PRCA 326 VHMKDFFYF CLL, NHL 327 KWKPSPLLF CCC 328 IYLVGGYSW CLL, OC 329 YLGKNWSF AML 330 DYIQMIPEL SCLC 331 EYIDEFQSL SCLC 332 VYCSLDKSQF SCLC 333 RYADLLIYTY HNSCC, OC, UBC, UEC 334 KVFGSFLTL NSCLCother, UEC 335 RYQSVIYPF NSCLCother, UEC 336 VYSDLHAFY SCLC 337 SHSDHEFLF BRCA, GBC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, OC, PRCA, UBC, UEC 338 VYLTWLPGL CLL, NHL 339 KQVIGIHTF CLL 340 FPPTPPLF AML, CLL, NHL 341 RYENVSILF GBM 342 MYGIVIRTI CRC, GBC, GC, PACA 343 EYQQYHPSL CLL, NHL 344 YAYATVLTF PRCA 345 RYLEEHTEF UBC 346 TYIDFVPYI MEL, OC, RCC, SCLC 347 AWLIVLLFL GBC, NHL, OC 348 RSWENIPVTF BRCA, MEL, NHL, SCLC 349 IYMTTGVLL MEL 350 VYKVVTEEKF CRC, PACA, SCLC 351 GYFGTASLF NSCLCother 352 NAFEAPLTF AML, CLL, CRC, HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCsquam, SCLC 353 AAFPGAFSF GBM 354 QYIPTFHVY GBM, HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, OC, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC 355 VYNNNSSRF MEL 356 YSLEHLTQF HCC 357 RALLPSPLF HCC 358 IYANVTEMLL HNSCC, OSCAR, UBC 359 TQLPAPLRI GBM 360 LYITKVTTI UBC 361 KQPANFIVL GBC, GC, PACA 362 NYMDTDNLMF GBC, GC, PACA 363 QYGFNYNKF BRCA, HNSCC, MEL, OSCAR 364 KQSQVVFVL MEL 365 KDLMKAYLF PRCA, SCLC 366 RLGEFVLLF HNSCC, NSCLCsquam 367 HWSHITHLF CCC, GBC, GBM, MEL 368 AYFVAMHLF GBM, OC, SCLC 369 NFYLFPTTF HNSCC, MEL, OSCAR 370 TQMDVKLVF CLL 371 FRSWAVQTF CRC 372 LYHNWRHAF PRCA 373 IWDALERTF BRCA 374 MIFAVVVLF NHL 375 YYAADQVVVF NHL 376 KYVGEVFNI PRCA 377 SLWREVVTF SCLC 378 VYAVISNIL GBM 379 KLPTEWNVL CLL 380 FYIRRLPMF MEL 381 IYTDITYSF MEL 382 SYPKELMKF UBC 383 PYFSPSASF CRC, GBC, UBC HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC 384 RTRGWVQTL HCC, CRC, GBC, GC, NSCLCadeno, RCC NSCLCsquam, PACA, SCLC 385 GYFGNPQKF CCC, GC, HNSCC, OSCAR NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, PACA, UBC 386 YQSRDYYNF BRCA, HCC, PRCA 387 THAGVRLYF NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, SCLC AML: acute myeloid leukemia; BRCA: breast cancer; CCC: cholangiocellular carcinoma; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRC: colorectal cancer; GBC: gallbladder cancer; GBM: glioblastoma; GC: gastric cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcino HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; MEL: melanoma; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NSCLCadeno: non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma; NSCLCother: NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam; NSCLCsquam: squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer; OC: ovarian cancer; OSCAR: esophageal cancer; PACA: pancreatic cancer; PRCA: prostate cancer; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; SCLC: small cell lung cancer UBC: urinary bladder carcinoma; UEC: uterine and endometrial cancer.

TABLE 9b Expression scores. The table lists for each peptide the tumor types for which the exon is very highly over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (+++), highly over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (++) or over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (+). The baseline for this score was calculated from measurements of the following relevant normal tissues: blood cells, blood vessels, brain, heart, liver, lung, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, bile duct, bone marrow, esophagus, eye, gallbladder, head-and-neck, kidney, large intestine, lymph node, pancreas, parathyroid gland, peripheral nerve, peritoneum, pituitary, pleura, skeletal muscle, skin, small intestine, spleen, stomach, thyroid gland, trachea, ureter, urinary bladder. In case expression data for several samples of the same tissue type were available, the arithmetic mean of all respective samples was used for the calculation. Exon Expression in tumor types vs normal tissue panel Seq ID highly over- very highly over- No Sequence over-expressed (+) expressed (++) expressed (+++) 463 VGGNVTSNF AML, HNSCC, GBC, NSCLCsquam, MEL, NHL, OSCAR OC 464 VGGNVTSSF HNSCC, NHL GBC, NSCLCsquam, OC AML: acute myeloid leukemia; GBC: gallbladder cancer; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; MEL: melanoma; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NSCLCsquam: squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer; OC: ovarian cancer; OSCAR: esophageal cancer.

Example 3

In Vitro Immunogenicity for MHC Class I Presented Peptides

In order to obtain information regarding the immunogenicity of the TUMAPs of the present invention, the inventors performed investigations using an in vitro T-cell priming assay based on repeated stimulations of CD8+ T cells with artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) loaded with peptide/MHC complexes and anti-CD28 antibody. This way the inventors could show immunogenicity for HLA-A*24:02 restricted TUMAPs of the invention, demonstrating that these peptides are T-cell epitopes against which CD8+ precursor T cells exist in humans (Table 10).

In vitro priming of CD8+ T cells In order to perform in vitro stimulations by artificial antigen presenting cells loaded with peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) and anti-CD28 antibody, the inventors first isolated CD8+ T cells from fresh HLA-A*24 leukapheresis products via positive selection using CD8 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany) of healthy donors obtained from the University clinics Mannheim, Germany, after informed consent.

PBMCs and isolated CD8+ lymphocytes were incubated in T-cell medium (TCM) until use consisting of RPMI-Glutamax (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated human AB serum (PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany), 100 U/ml Penicillin/100 μg/ml Streptomycin (Cambrex, Cologne, Germany), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (CC Pro, Oberdorla, Germany), 20 μg/ml Gentamycin (Cambrex). 2.5 ng/ml IL-7 (PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany) and 10 U/ml IL-2 (Novartis Pharma, Nümberg, Germany) were also added to the TCM at this step.

Generation of pMHC/anti-CD28 coated beads, T-cell stimulations and readout was performed in a highly defined in vitro system using four different pMHC molecules per stimulation condition and 8 different pMHC molecules per readout condition.

The purified co-stimulatory mouse IgG2a anti human CD28 Ab 9.3 (Jung et al., 1987) was chemically biotinylated using Sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin as recommended by the manufacturer (Perbio, Bonn, Germany). Beads used were 5.6 μm diameter streptavidin coated polystyrene particles (Bangs Laboratories, Illinois, USA).

pMHC used for positive and negative control stimulations were A*0201/MLA-001 (peptide ELAGIGILTV (SEQ ID NO. 461) from modified Melan-A/MART-1) and A*0201/DDX5-001 (YLLPAIVHI from DDX5, SEQ ID NO. 462), respectively.

800,000 beads/200 μl were coated in 96-well plates in the presence of 4×12.5 ng different biotin-pMHC, washed and 600 ng biotin anti-CD28 were added subsequently in a volume of 200 μl. Stimulations were initiated in 96-well plates by co-incubating 1×10⁶ CD8+ T cells with 2×10⁵ washed coated beads in 200 μl TCM supplemented with 5 ng/ml IL-12 (PromoCell) for 3 days at 37° C. Half of the medium was then exchanged by fresh TCM supplemented with 80 U/ml IL-2 and incubating was continued for 4 days at 37° C. This stimulation cycle was performed for a total of three times. For the pMHC multimer readout using 8 different pMHC molecules per condition, a two-dimensional combinatorial coding approach was used as previously described (Andersen et al., 2012) with minor modifications encompassing coupling to 5 different fluorochromes. Finally, multimeric analyses were performed by staining the cells with Live/dead near IR dye (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany), CD8-FITC antibody clone SK1 (BD, Heidelberg, Germany) and fluorescent pMHC multimers. For analysis, a BD LSRII SORP cytometer equipped with appropriate lasers and filters was used. Peptide specific cells were calculated as percentage of total CD8+ cells. Evaluation of multimeric analysis was done using the FlowJo software (Tree Star, Oreg., USA). In vitro priming of specific multimer+CD8+ lymphocytes was detected by comparing to negative control stimulations. Immunogenicity for a given antigen was detected if at least one evaluable in vitro stimulated well of one healthy donor was found to contain a specific CD8+ T-cell line after in vitro stimulation (i.e. this well contained at least 1% of specific multimer+among CD8+ T-cells and the percentage of specific multimer+ cells was at least 10× the median of the negative control stimulations).

In vitro immunoqenicity for acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer peptides For tested HLA class I peptides, in vitro immunogenicity could be demonstrated by generation of peptide specific T-cell lines. Exemplary flow cytometry results after TUMAP-specific multimer staining for 2 peptides of the invention are shown in FIGS. 3A-3G together with corresponding negative controls. Results for 47 peptides from the invention are summarized in Table 10a and Table 10b.

TABLE 10a in vitro immunogenicity of HLA class I peptides of the invention Exemplary results of in vitro immunogenicity experiments conducted by the applicant for the peptides of the invention. <20% = +; 20%-49% = ++; 50%-69% = +++; >=70% = ++++ Wells positive Seq ID No Sequence Peptide Code [%] 390 KYKDYFPVI MAGEC2-003 + 392 SYEKVINYL MAGEA9-001 + 393 SYNDALLTF TRPM8-004 +++ 395 NYEDHFPLL MAGEA10- ++ 002 398 GYLQGLVSF KLK4-001 ++ 399 VWSNVTPLKF MMP12-014 + 400 RYLEKFYGL MMP12-006 + 402 TYKYVDINTF MMP12-004 + 406 KYLEKYYNL MMP1-001 ++ 408 VWSDVTPLTF MMP11-001 + 409 VYTFLSSTL ESR1-006 + 411 VYPPYLNYL PGR-002 ++++ 415 KYEKIFEML CT45-002 + 416 VFMKDGFFYF MMP1-002 + 420 VYEKNGYIYF MMP13-001 ++++ 422 VWSDVTPLNF MMP13-002 + 429 YYSKSVGFMQW FAM111B- ++ 008 433 NYTSLLVTW PTP-018 + 434 VYDTMIEKF PTP-016 + 436 KYLQVVGMF OXTR-001 + 440 NYGVLHVTF NLRP11-002 + 447 EYIRALQQL ASCL1-001 + 448 PFLPPAACFF ASCL1-002 + 450 QYDPTPLTW ADAMTS12- + 002 453 YYTVRNFTL PTP-014 + 455 KYLSIPTVF UGT1A3-001 +

TABLE 10b in vitro immunogenicity of HLA class I peptides of the invention Exemplary results of in vitro immunogenicity experiments conducted by the applicant for the peptides of the invention. <20% = +; 20%-49% = ++; 50%-69% = +++; >=70% = ++++ Wells positive Seq ID No Sequence Peptide Code [%] 1 IFPKTGLLII MAGEA4-008 ++ 5 LQPQPQLFFSF POT-002 ++ 22 VYSSFVFNL NLRP4-006 + 23 VYSSFVFNLF NLRP4-007 ++ 26 TYFFVDNQYW MMP12-020 + 32 FYPEVELNF MMP1-009 +++ 38 RYAHTLVTSVLF ITIH6-003 ++ 44 FYHEDMPLW FCRL5-004 + 47 SYLWTDNLQEF DNAH17-003 + 52 SWHKATFLF COL24-002 + 56 FYKLIQNGF FLT3-010 + 58 IYYSHENLI F5-005 ++ 63 LYIDKGQYL HMCN1-011 + 76 IYIYPFAHW NPFFR2-002 +++ 77 LYGFFFKI BTBD16-002 ++++ 78 TYSKTIALYGF BTBD16-004 ++ 79 FYIVTRPLAF SUCN-002 + 81 AYLKLLPMF SLC5A4-001 + 86 SYLPTAERL SYT12-001 + 87 NYTRLVLQF GABRP-004 + 88 TYVPSTFLV GABRP-005 +

Example 4

Synthesis of Peptides

All peptides were synthesized using standard and well-established solid phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc-strategy. Identity and purity of each individual peptide have been determined by mass spectrometry and analytical RP-HPLC. The peptides were obtained as white to off-white lyophilizes (trifluoro acetate salt) in purities of >50%. All TUMAPs are preferably administered as trifluoro-acetate salts or acetate salts, other salt-forms are also possible.

Example 5

MHC Binding Assays

Candidate peptides for T cell based therapies according to the present invention were further tested for their MHC binding capacity (affinity). The individual peptide-MHC complexes were produced by UV-ligand exchange, where a UV-sensitive peptide is cleaved upon UV-irradiation, and exchanged with the peptide of interest as analyzed. Only peptide candidates that can effectively bind and stabilize the peptide-receptive MHC molecules prevent dissociation of the MHC complexes. To determine the yield of the exchange reaction, an ELISA was performed based on the detection of the light chain (p2m) of stabilized MHC complexes. The assay was performed as generally described in Rodenko et al. (Rodenko et al., 2006)

96 well MAXISorp plates (NUNC) were coated over night with 2 ug/ml streptavidin in PBS at room temperature, washed 4× and blocked for 1 h at 37° C. in 2% BSA containing blocking buffer. Refolded HLA-A*02:01/MLA-001 monomers served as standards, covering the range of 15-500 ng/ml. Peptide-MHC monomers of the UV-exchange reaction were diluted 100-fold in blocking buffer. Samples were incubated for 1 h at 37° C., washed four times, incubated with 2 ug/ml HRP conjugated anti-β2m for 1h at 37° C., washed again and detected with TMB solution that is stopped with NH₂SO₄. Absorption was measured at 450 nm. Candidate peptides that show a high exchange yield (preferably higher than 50%, most preferred higher than 75%) are generally preferred for a generation and production of antibodies or fragments thereof, and/or T cell receptors or fragments thereof, as they show sufficient avidity to the MHC molecules and prevent dissociation of the MHC complexes.

TABLE 11 MHC class I binding scores. Binding of HLA-class I restricted peptides to HLA-A*24 was ranged by peptide exchange yield: >10% = +; >20% = ++; >50 = +++; >75% = ++++ Peptide Seq ID No Sequence Peptide Code exchange 1 IFPKTGLLII MAGEA4-008 ++++ 2 LYAPTILLW AFP-001 ++++ 3 KFLTHDVLTELF TRPM8-009 ++++ 5 LQPQPQLFFSF POT-002 ++++ 6 IVTFMNKTLGTF ADAM29-001 + 9 TYINSLAIL TGM4-003 ++++ 10 QYPEFSIEL TGM4-001 +++ 11 RAMCAMMSF TGM4-002 ++ 12 KYMSRVLFVY CHRNA9-002 ++ 13 KYYIATMAL CHRNA9-003 +++ 14 YYIATMALI CHRNA9-004 ++++ 15 FMVIAGMPLF SLC6A3-001 ++ 16 GYFLAQYLM TRPM8-008 +++ 17 IYPEAIATL SLC6A3-002 ++++ 18 KYVDINTFRL MMP12-018 ++++ 20 ELMAHPFLL CYP4Z-002 ++ 21 LYMRFVNTHF SPINK2-002 ++ 22 VYSSFVFNL NLRP4-006 +++ 23 VYSSFVFNLF NLRP4-007 +++ 24 KMLPEASLLI NLRP4-004 ++ 25 MLPEASLLI NLRP4-005 ++++ 26 TYFFVDNQYW MMP12-020 ++++ 27 LSCTATPLF KHDC1L-001 +++ 28 FWFDSREISF OR51E2-002 ++++ 29 IYLLLPPVI OR51E2-004 ++++ 30 RQAYSVYAF SLC45A3-005 ++ 31 KQMQEFFGL MMP1-010 +++ 32 FYPEVELNF MMP1-009 ++++ 33 FYQPDLKYLSF NLRP4-003 ++++ 34 LIFALALAAF GAST-001 + 35 FSSTLVSLF MAGEC1-003 ++ 36 VYLASVAAF SLC45A3-006 ++++ 37 ISFSDTVNVW ITIH6-001 + 38 RYAHTLVTSVLF ITIH6-003 ++++ 39 KTYLPTFETTI ENP-002 ++ 40 NYPEGAAYEF ESR1-008 ++++ 41 IYFATQVVF SLC45A3-004 ++++ 42 VYDSIWCNM SCGB2A1-001 ++++ 43 KYKDHFTEI MAGEB1-001 ++++ 44 FYHEDMPLW FCRL5-004 ++++ 45 YGQSKPWTF PAX3-001 ++ 46 IYPDSIQEL LOC-019 +++ 47 SYLWTDNLQEF DNAH17-003 ++++ 48 AWSPPATLFLF LOXL4-003 ++++ 49 QYLSIAERAEF MSX-001 ++++ 50 RYFDENIQKF HEPHL-004 ++++ 51 YFDENIQKF HEPHL-006 +++ 52 SWHKATFLF COL24-002 ++++ 53 LFQRVSSVSF HMCN1-010 +++ 54 SYQEAIQQL NEFH-003 +++ 55 AVLRHLETF CDK6-006 ++ 56 FYKLIQNGF FLT3-010 ++++ 58 IYYSHENLI F5-005 ++++ 59 VFPLVTPLL PTP-042 ++++ 60 RYSPVKDAW KLHDC7B-006 ++++ 61 RIFTARLYF AICD-001 +++ 62 VYIVPVIVL OXTR-002 ++++ 63 LYIDKGQYL HMCN1-011 ++++ 64 QFSHVPLNNF ALX1-001 ++ 66 IYKDYYRYNF PLA2G2D-001 ++++ 67 SYVLQIVAI PTP-041 +++ 68 VYKEDLPQL EML-002 ++++ 69 KWFDSHIPRW ERV-002 ++++ 70 RYTGQWSEW IL9R-001 ++++ 71 RYLPNPSLNAF CYP1A1-002 ++++ 72 RWLDGSPVTL CLEC17-005 ++++ 73 YFCSTKGQLF FCRL2-004 ++++ 74 NYVLVPTMF CAPN6-003 ++++ 75 VYEHNHVSL BTBD16-006 +++ 76 IYIYPFAHW NPFFR2-002 ++++ 77 LYGFFFKI BTBD16-002 ++++ 78 TYSKTIALYGF BTBD16-004 ++++ 79 FYIVTRPLAF SUCN-002 +++ 80 SYATPVDLW CDK6-007 ++++ 81 AYLKLLPMF SLC5A4-001 ++++ 82 SYLENSASW DLX5-003 ++++ 83 VLQGEFFLF KBTBD8-005 ++++ 84 YTIERYFTL GABRP-007 ++++ 85 KYLSIPTVFF UGT1A3-002 ++++ 86 SYLPTAERL SYT12-001 ++++ 87 NYTRLVLQF GABRP-004 ++++ 88 TYVPSTFLV GABRP-005 ++++ 89 TYVPSTFLVVL GABRP-006 ++++ 90 TDLVQFLLF MAGEA10-003 ++ 92 RALTETIMF ALP-011 ++ 93 TDWSPPPVEF FAM178B-001 +++ 94 THSGGTNLF MMP12-019 ++ 95 IGLSVVHRF OR51E2-003 ++++ 96 SHIGVVLAF OR51E2-005 ++ 98 LQIPVSPSF MAGEC1-004 + 99 ASAALTGFTF SLC45A3-003 ++ 100 KVWSDVTPLTF MMP11-023 +++ 101 VYAVSSDRF DCX-001 ++++ 102 VLASAHILQF BTBD16-005 ++ 103 EMFFSPQVF ACTL8-002 ++ 104 GYGLTRVQPF ACTL8-003 ++ 106 LYAFLGSHF KISS1R-003 ++++ 108 WFFQGAQYW MMP11-024 ++ 109 AQHSLTQLF GPC2-002 ++ 110 VYSNPDLFW TRDV3-002 ++++ 111 IRPDYSFQF TRDV3-001 ++ 112 LYPDSVFGRLF SMC1B-003 ++++ 113 ALMSAFYTF MMP11-020 ++++ 114 KALMSAFYTF MMP11-022 +++ 115 IMQGFIRAF PAE-002 ++ 116 TYFFVANKY MMP1-011 + 117 RSMEHPGKLLF ESR1-010 +++ 118 IFLPFFIVF ADAM18-001 ++++ 119 VWSCEGCKAF ESR-001 ++ 120 VYAFMNENF QRFPR-004 ++++ 121 RRYFGEKVAL ANO7-005 ++ 123 FFLQESPVF ABCC11-004 ++++ 124 EYNVFPRTL MMP13-004 ++ 125 LYYGSILYI OR9-001 ++++ 126 YSLLDPAQF SOX14-002 +++ 127 FLPRAYYRW ANO7-001 ++ 128 AFQNVISSF NMUR2-003 ++++ 129 IYVSLAHVL ANO7-002 ++++ 130 RPEKVFVF COL11A1-005 ++ 131 MHRTWRETF ANO7-004 ++ 133 FFYVTETTF TERT-003 ++++ 134 IYSSQLPSF TFEC-004 ++++ 135 KYKQHFPEI MAGEB17-001 +++ 136 YLKSVQLF RFX8-001 ++ 137 ALFAVCWAPF QRFPR-002 ++ 138 MMVTVVALF QRFPR-003 +++ 139 AYAPRGSIYKF HHIPL2-001 ++++ 140 IFQHFCEEI SMC1B-002 ++ 141 QYAAAITNGL SALL3-002 +++ 142 PYWWNANMVF NOTU-001 ++++ 143 KTKRWLWDF COL11A1-004 +++ 144 LFDHGGTVFF ANO7-003 +++ 145 MYTIVTPML OR1N1-001 ++++ 146 NYFLDPVTI TRI-005 +++ 148 MLPQIPFLLL COL10-001 ++ 149 TQFFIPYTI COL10-002 ++ 150 FIPVAWLIF MRGPRX4-001 +++ 151 RRLWAYVTI ITIH6-002 + 152 MHPGVLAAFLF MMP13-005 +++ 153 AWSPPATLF LOXL4-002 ++++ 154 DYSKQALSL LAMC2-018 ++ 155 PYSIYPHGVTF F5-006 ++++ 156 IYPHGVTFSP F5-004 + 157 SIYPHGVTF F5-007 ++ 158 SYLKDPMIV DDX53-001 +++ 159 VFQPNPLF WISP3-002 ++ 160 YIANLISCF GLYATL3-001 ++ 161 ILQAPLSVF FCRL5-005 ++ 162 YYIGIVEEY HEPHL-007 +++ 163 YYIGIVEEYW HEPHL-008 ++++ 164 MFQEMLQRL TRIML2-001 + 165 KDQPQVPCVF NAT1-001 + 166 MMALWSLLHL ZAC-001 + 167 LQPPWTTVF FCRL5-006 ++ 168 LSSPVHLDF FCRL5-007 ++++ 169 MYDLHHLYL EPY-001 ++++ 170 IFIPATILL ACSM1-001 ++++ 171 LYTVPFNLI SLC45A2-006 ++++ 172 RYFIAAEKILW HEPHL-005 ++++ 173 RYLSVCERL NKX-001 ++++ 174 TYGEEMPEEI DNAH17-004 ++ 175 SYFEYRRLL LAMC2-019 ++ 176 TQAGEYLLF FLT3-012 ++++ 177 KYLITTFSL NLRP2-008 ++++ 178 AYPQIRCTW FLT3-009 ++++ 179 MYNMVPFF DCT-002 +++ 180 IYNKTKMAF SLCO6-001 ++++ 181 IHGIKFHYF NMUR2-004 +++ 182 AQGSGTVTF FCRL3-004 ++ 183 YQVAKGMEF FLT3-014 + 184 VYVRPRVF HMCN1-013 ++ 185 LYICKVELM CTL-001 ++++ 186 RRVTWNVLF BTBD17-003 ++ 187 KWFNVRMGFGF LIN-001 ++ 188 SLPGSFIYVF HMCN1-012 ++ 189 FYPDEDDFYF MYCN-002 +++ 190 IYIIMQSCW FLT3-011 +++ 191 MSYSCGLPSL KRT33A-001 +++ 192 CYSFIHLSF NLR-006 ++++ 193 KYKPVALQCIA HMCN1-009 ++ 195 IYNEHGIQQI COL11A1-003 ++++ 196 VGRSPVFLF COL11A1-006 ++ 198 VLAPVSGQF FCRL5-009 +++ 199 MFQFEHIKW FBXW10-001 ++ 200 LYMSVEDFI STK31-001 ++++ 201 VFPSVDVSF PTP-043 ++++ 202 VYDTMIEKFA PTP-044 ++ 203 VYPSESTVM PTP-045 ++ 204 WQNVTPLTF MMP16-002 ++ 205 ISWEVVHTVF HMCN1-008 ++++ 206 EVVHTVFLF HMCN1-007 ++ 207 IYKFIMDRF FOXB1-001 ++++ 208 QYLQQQAKL FOXB1-002 ++++ 209 DIYVTGGHLF KLHDC7B-005 +++ 210 EAYSYPPATI HMCN1-006 +++ 211 MLYFAPDLIL PGR-004 ++ 212 VYFVQYKIM IL22RA2-001 + 213 FYNRLTKLF OFCC-001 ++++ 214 YIPMSVMLF HTR7-002 +++ 215 KASKITFHW PTP-038 ++ 216 RHYHSIEVF LOXL4-004 ++ 217 QRYGFSSVGF RHBG-001 ++++ 218 FYFYNCSSL ERV-001 ++++ 219 KVVSGFYYI CCR8-003 + 220 TYATHVTEI CCR8-004 ++++ 222 HYHAESFLF HEPHL-003 ++++ 223 KLRALSILF PTP-039 + 224 AYLQFLSVL GREB-002 ++++ 225 ISMSATEFLL CYP1A1-001 +++ 226 TYSTNRTMI FLT3-013 ++++ 227 YLPNPSLNAF CYP1A1-003 ++ 228 VYLRIGGF WNT7A-002 ++ 229 CAMPVAMEF KBTBD8-003 ++ 230 RWLSKPSLL KBTBD8-004 ++++ 231 KYSVAFYSLD LAMA1-008 ++ 232 IWPGFTTSI PIWIL1-003 ++++ 234 RYKMLIPF NLRP2-010 +++ 235 VYISDVSVY CLECL-003 ++++ 236 LHLYCLNTF PGR-003 +++ 238 YTCSRAVSLF OTOG-001 ++ 239 IYTFSNVTF BTN1-003 ++++ 240 RVHANPLLI APOB-081 + 241 QKYYITGEAEGF ESR1-009 ++++ 242 SYTPLLSYI C1orf94-002 ++++ 243 ALFPMGPLTF LILRA4-003 ++ 244 TYIDTRTVFL CAPN6-005 ++++ 245 VLPLHFLPF HBG2-001 ++++ 246 KIYTTVLFANI NPFFR2-003 ++++ 247 VHSYLGSPF MPL-001 ++ 249 HQYGGAYNRV DLX5-002 ++ 250 VYSDRQIYLL ABCC11-006 ++++ 251 DYLLSWLLF CNR2-003 ++++ 252 RYLIIKYPF SUCN-003 +++ 254 KQHAWLPLTI TCL1A-003 + 255 VYLDEKQHAW TCL1A-005 ++++ 256 QHAWLPLTI TCL1A-004 + 258 VCWNPFNNTF RNF183-001 +++ 259 FFLFIPFF ADAM2-001 ++ 263 AYVTEFVSL SCN3A-001 ++++ 264 AYAIPSASLSW HMCN1-005 ++ 265 LYQQSDTWSL KIAA140-001 ++ 266 TQIITFESF CSF2-001 ++ 267 QHMLPFWTDL NLRP2-009 +++ 269 FSFSTSMNEF CAPN6-001 ++ 270 GTGKLFWVF BTL-003 + 271 INGDLVFSF CAPN6-002 ++ 272 IYFNHRCF SFMBT1-001 +++ 273 VTMYLPLLL GPR143-001 ++ 274 EYSLPVLTF PTP-037 +++ 275 PEYSLPVLTF PTP-040 ++++ 276 KFLGSKCSF HAS3-003 ++++ 278 TYESVVTGFF HAS3-004 ++ 279 KYKNPYGF MMP20-001 + 280 TIYSLEMKMSF GLB1L3-001 ++ 281 MDQNQVVWTF ROS-008 +++ 282 ASYQQSTSSFF FAM82A1-001 ++ 283 SYIVDGKII PSG9-001 + 284 QFYSTLPNTI ROS-009 + 285 YFLPGPHYF SOX30-001 ++++ 288 MGKGSISFLF PCSK1-001 ++ 289 RTLNEIYHW FOXP3-001 ++ 290 VTPKMLISF OR5H8P-001 + 291 YTRLVLQF GABRP-008 ++ 292 KMFPKDFRF TTLL6-001 ++ 294 KMGRIVDYF GABRP-003 ++++ 295 KYNRQSMTL APOB-080 ++++ 296 YQRPDLLLF GEN-004 ++ 297 LKSPRLFTF BTBD16-001 ++ 298 TYETVMTFF BTBD16-003 ++++ 299 FLPALYSLL CXCR3-001 +++ 300 LFALPDFIF CXCR3-002 ++ 302 YQGSLEVLF MROH2A-006 ++ 303 RFLDRGWGF ADAMTS12-005 ++++ 306 RYILEPFFI SLC7A11-007 ++++ 307 RILTEFELL TRIM31-001 +++ 308 AAFISVPLLI TAS2R38-002 ++++ 309 AFISVPLLI TAS2R38-003 ++++ 310 EFINGWYVL MCOLN2-002 ++ 311 IQNAILHLF OR51B5-001 ++++ 312 YLCMLYALF KCNK18-001 ++ 313 IFMENAFEL APOB-079 ++++ 314 SQHFNLATF DNMT3B-003 ++ 315 VYDYIPLLL MROH2A-005 ++++ 316 IWAERIMF TDRD1-001 +++ 318 VQADAKLLF C20-002 + 319 ATATLHLIF PCD-007 + 320 EVYQKIILKF PASD-001 ++++ 321 VYTVGHNLI KLB-003 ++++ 322 SFISPRYSWLF SPNS3-005 ++++ 323 NYSPVTGKF OTOL-001 ++++ 325 IFMGAVPTL LPAR3-001 ++++ 326 VHMKDFFYF DYRK4-001 ++++ 327 KWKPSPLLF GPR126-002 ++++ 328 IYLVGGYSW KLHL14-007 ++++ 329 YLGKNWSF SPNS3-006 ++ 330 DYIQMIPEL RTL-002 ++++ 331 EYIDEFQSL RTL-003 ++++ 332 VYCSLDKSQF RTL-004 ++++ 333 RYADLLIYTY MYO3B-005 ++++ 334 KVFGSFLTL AGTR2-001 ++ 335 RYQSVIYPF AGTR2-002 ++++ 336 VYSDLHAFY MANEAL-004 ++++ 337 SHSDHEFLF ARSH-001 + 338 VYLTWLPGL IFNLR-001 ++++ 339 KQVIGIHTF SFMBT1-002 + 340 FPPTPPLF BCL11A-002 + 341 RYENVSILF ADCY8-001 ++++ 342 MYGIVIRTI NPSR-001 ++++ 343 EYQQYHPSL CLEC4C-001 ++++ 344 YAYATVLTF ABCC4-002 ++ 345 RYLEEHTEF MROH2A-003 ++++ 346 TYIDFVPYI TEX15-001 ++++ 348 RSWENIPVTF C18orf54-001 ++ 349 IYMTTGVLL TDRD9-002 ++++ 350 VYKWTEEKF TSPE-001 ++++ 351 GYFGTASLF SLC16A14-001 ++++ 352 NAFEAPLTF BRCA2-004 +++ 353 AAFPGAFSF CRB2-002 ++ 354 QYIPTFHVY SLC44A5-003 ++++ 355 VYNNNSSRF MYO10-003 ++++ 356 YSLEHLTQF ZCCHC16-001 ++ 357 RALLPSPLF SPATA31D1-001 ++ 358 IYANVTEMLL CYP27C-001 ++++ 359 TQLPAPLRI GPR45-001 ++ 360 LYITKVTTI FSTL4-002 ++++ 361 KQPANFIVL LOC1001246-001 ++ 362 NYMDTDNLMF LOC1001246-002 ++++ 363 QYGFNYNKF PNLD-002 ++++ 365 KDLMKAYLF TXNDC16-006 +++ 366 RLGEFVLLF TGM6-001 +++ 367 HWSHITHLF DPY19L1-003 ++++ 368 AYFVAMHLF TENM4-007 ++++ 369 NFYLFPTTF PNLD-001 ++++ 370 TQMDVKLVF GEN-003 ++ 371 FRSWAVQTF NOS2-002 ++ 372 LYHNWRHAF PDE11-002 ++++ 373 IWDALERTF ABCC11-005 ++ 375 YYAADQWVF CCR4-004 ++++ 376 KYVGEVFNI DMXL1-001 ++++ 377 SLWREVVTF CEP250-004 +++ 378 VYAVISNIL TNR-003 ++++ 379 KLPTEWNVL AKAP13-005 ++++ 380 FYIRRLPMF CHRNA6-001 ++++ 381 IYTDITYSF CHRNA6-002 ++++ 382 SYPKELMKF MROH2A-004 ++++ 383 PYFSPSASF SPER-001 ++++ 385 GYFGNPQKF LAMA3-002 ++++ 386 YQSRDYYNF AR-002 ++++ 387 THAGVRLYF NUP155-012 ++ 463 VGGNVTSNF CT45-004 +++ 464 VGGNVTSSF CT45-005 +++

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1. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, and wherein said variant binds to molecule(s) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and/or induces T cells cross-reacting with said variant peptide; and a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein said peptide is not a full-length polypeptide.
 2. The peptide according to claim 1, wherein said peptide has the ability to bind to an MHC class-I or -II molecule, and wherein said peptide, when bound to said MHC, is capable of being recognized by CD4 and/or CD8 T cells.
 3. The peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence thereof comprises a continuous stretch of amino acids according to any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO:
 464. 4. The peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, wherein said peptide or variant thereof has an overall length of from 8 to 100, preferably from 8 to 30, and more preferred from 8 to 16 amino acids, and most preferred wherein the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO:
 464. 5. The peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, wherein said peptide is modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.
 6. The peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, wherein said peptide is part of a fusion protein, in particular comprising N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii).
 7. An antibody that specifically recognizes the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, when bound to an MHC molecule.
 8. A T-cell receptor, preferably soluble or membrane-bound, or a fragment thereof, that is reactive with an HLA ligand, wherein said ligand is the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, when bound to an MHC molecule.
 9. The T-cell receptor according to claim 8, wherein said ligand amino acid sequence is at least 88% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, or wherein said ligand amino acid sequence consists of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO:
 464. 10. The T-cell receptor according to claim 8, wherein said T-cell receptor is provided as a soluble molecule and optionally carries a further effector function such as an immune stimulating domain or toxin.
 11. An aptamer that specifically recognizes the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1 that is bound to an MHC molecule.
 12. A nucleic acid, encoding for the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1 linked to a heterologous promoter sequence, or an expression vector expressing said nucleic acid.
 13. A recombinant host cell comprising the the nucleic acid or the expression vector according to claim 12, wherein said host cell is an antigen presenting cell.
 14. An in vitro method for producing activated T lymphocytes, the method comprising contacting in vitro T cells with antigen loaded human class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or an artificial construct mimicking an antigen-presenting cell for a period of time sufficient to activate said T cells in an antigen specific manner, wherein said antigen is the peptide according to claim
 1. 15. An activated T lymphocyte, produced by the method according to claim 14, that selectively recognizes a cell which presents a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO:
 464. 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
 17. A method for producing a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464 or variant thereof, the method comprising culturing the host cell according to claim 13, and isolating the peptide or variant thereof from said host cell and/or its culture medium.
 18. (canceled)
 19. A method for treating a patient who has cancer, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of activated T cells that kill cancer cells that present a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 387 and SEQ ID NO: 463 to SEQ ID NO: 464, wherein said cancer is selected from the group of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer. 20.-32. (canceled)
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, further comprises at least one adjuvant.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33, wherein the at least one adjuvant is selected from anti-CD40 antibody, imiquimod, resiquimod, GM-CSF, cyclophosphamide, sunitinib, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, CpG oligonucleotides and derivatives, poly-(I:C) and derivatives, RNA, sildenafil, particulate formulations with poly(lactide coglycolide) (PLG), virosomes, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-21, and IL-23. 